Lab Exercise 2

Question 1

considered as plant allies

Answer 1

eubacteria

Question 2

some of their members contributed to the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 2

eubacteria

Question 3

members of eubacteria

Answer 3

-cyanobacteria
-chloroxybacteria/prochlorophytes

Question 4

what is the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 4

the chloroplast lineage of plants

Question 5

difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 5

absence of some organelles in prokaryotes

Question 6

what organelles are absent in prokaryotes?

Answer 6

• nucleus
• chloroplast
• lysosomes
• vacuoles

Question 7

they are mostly unicellular, some may aggregate into colonial and filamentous form

Answer 7

prokaryotes

Question 8

prokaryotic cells are enclosed by?

Answer 8

peptidoglycan cell and outer sheath (may be mucilaginous or rigid)

Question 9

what are the parts of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 9

• plasmalemma
• centroplasm/nuclear zone
• mesosomes

Question 10

the cytoplasmic membrane that shows invaginations towards the cytoplasm

Answer 10

plasmalemma

Question 11

invaginations towards the cytoplasm and responsible for respiration

Answer 11

mesosomes

Question 12

encloses the centroplasm and peripheral zone

Answer 12

mesosomes

Question 13

centrally located, nucleoid region

Answer 13

Centroplasm / nuclear zone

Question 13

what do mesosomes use to enclose the cytoplasm

Answer 13

granular or lamellar structures

Question 14

mode of reproduction in prokaryotes

Answer 14

asexual

Question 15

asexual reproduction in prokaryotes

Answer 15

• binary fission (unicellular and colonial)
• fragmentation (filamentous)
• spore formation

Question 16

use light as energy source and chlorophyll as the main receptor pigment

Answer 16

photoautotrophs

Question 17

what is the role of accessory photosynthetic pigments

Answer 17

broaden the range of light that can be used

Question 18

who proposed the six-kingdom system of classification

Answer 18

Carl Woese

Question 19

organisms in the kingdom eubacteria are

Answer 19

photosynthetic prokaryotes

Question 20

cyanophyta

Answer 20

blue-green algae / cyanobacteria

Question 21

prochlorophyta

Answer 21

prochlorophytes / chloroxybacteria

Question 22

types of photosynthetic prokaryotes

Answer 22

• Cyanobacteria (cyanophytes)
• Chloroxybacteria (prochlorophytes)

Question 23

cyanobacteria are photosynthetic mainly due to the presence of

Answer 23

chlorophyll a

Question 24

color range of cyanobacteria

Answer 24

bright blue-green to golden brown

Question 25

forms of cyanobacteria

Answer 25

unicellular to colonial and filamentous

Question 26

accessory pigments of cyanobacteria

Answer 26

phycobilins

Question 27

composed of phycocyanin and phycoerythrin

Answer 27

phycobilins

Question 28

blue pigment

Answer 28

phycocyanin

Question 29

red pigment

Answer 29

phycoerythrin

Question 30

main accessory pigment is both chlorophyll a and b

Answer 30

chloroxybacteria (prochlorophytes)

Question 31

include unicellular, filamentous, free-living, or associated

Answer 31

Chloroxybacteria (prochlorophytes)

Question 32

unicellular marine form that grows on the surface of certain colonial ascidians; example of a Chloroxybacteria

Answer 32

Prochloron didemni

Question 33

Azolla pinnata frond is under the ?

Answer 33

cyanobacteria

Question 34

has a central ovoid cavity that houses the Anabaena azollae

Answer 34

Azolla pinnata frond

Question 35

chain-like organization of cells

Answer 35

Anabaena azollae

Question 36

yellowish or lighter green than the vegetative cells

Answer 36

heterocyst

Question 37

bigger, darker, more granulated than vegetative cells

Answer 37

akinetes

Question 38

resting spores and at the same time reproductive agents

Answer 38

akinetes

Question 39

parts of a cyanobacteria

Answer 39

- heterocyst - akinetes - vegetative cells

Question 40

forms of a cyanobacteria

Answer 40

-unicellular and colonial - filamentous

Question 41

aggregation of cells that divide only in one direction

Answer 41

trichome

Question 42

trichome and the enclosing gelatinous sheath

Answer 42

filament

Question 43

morphologically-alike cells in the filament

Answer 43

somatic cells

Question 44

homocystous filament

Answer 44

somatic cells

Question 45

dead cells that look like biconcave separation discs

Answer 45

necridia

Question 46

point of separation of a segment of the filament from the parent

Answer 46

necridia

Question 47

fragmented section or segemnts of filament (segments are motile for a while)

Answer 47

hormogonia

Question 48

gelatinous substance holding the colony together

Answer 48

colonial sheath

Question 49

glistening, spherical structure at the crosswall between the heterocyst and the adjacent cell

Answer 49

polar nodule

Question 50

what are the branching types

Answer 50

- false branch - true branch

Question 51

initiated without cell division in a new plane

Answer 51

false branch

Question 52

trichomes or their hormogonia develop faster than the enclosing sheath, then rupture and grow through the stealth to stimulate a branch

Answer 52

false branch

Question 53

initiated by the division of certain cells in a new plane to the axial filament

Answer 53

true branch

Question 54

example of a chloroxybacteria / prochlorophyte

Answer 54

Prochloron didemni

Question 55

parts of a chloroxybacteria / prochlorophyte

Answer 55

- cell wall - thylakoid - cytoplasm

Question 56

multi-layered; appears to lack an external sheath

Answer 56

cell wall

Question 57

wide, usually peripheral band; stacked usually in pairs; stacked lamellae from discontinuous bands

Answer 57

thylakoids

Question 58

appears to occupy two interconnected zones

Answer 58

cytoplasm

Question 59

zone that forms a narrow band

Answer 59

first zone

Question 60

zone that forms a matrix for the thylakoids

Answer 60

second zone

Question 61

parts of a filamentous cyanobacteria

Answer 61

- trichome - filament - somatic cells - colonial sheath - hormogonia - necridia - polar nodule