Lab Exercise 4 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
represents a very large group of mostly terrestrial organisms (250,000 species
A
Kingdom Plantae
2
Q
How many terrestrial organisms are there in kingdom plantae
A
250k species
3
Q
green algae that plants are found to have ancestral ties with
A
Charophyceae
4
Q
what did plants inherit from charophyceae
A
- membrane-bound organelles
- cellulosic cell walls
- chlorophyll a and b
- development of phragmoplast
5
Q
makes plants eukaryotic, photosynthetic, and organ-forming
A
phragmoplast
6
Q
found similarities in some nuclear genes and ribosomal RNA in both charophytes and plants
A
Molecular systematics
7
Q
Transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial =
A
induced structural modifications that permit high survival
8
Q
protective jacket of cells surrounding egg
A
archegonia
9
Q
sperm-producing structures
A
antheridia
10
Q
protective layer of cells covering the spore-producing structures
A
sporangia
11
Q
waxy coating on the aerial parts
Specialized cells for water and food conduction
A
cuticle
12
Q
the structural modifications of aquatic plants to terrestrial plants support what
A
diplohaplontic life cycle
13
Q
first group of plants
A
bryophytes/non-vascular plants
14
Q
found in almost all terrestrial habitats, but show greatest diversity in moist habitats
A
bryophytes
15
Q
how many species of bryophytes are there
A
about 24k
16
Q
how tall are bryophytes
A
usually 20mm
17
Q
two important characteristics of bryophytes
A
- absence of xylem and phloem
- sporophyte is nutritionally dependent upon the gametophyte
18
Q
3 groups of bryophytes
A
- division marchantiophyta = liverworts
- division anthocerotophyta = hornworts
- division bryophyta = mosses
19
Q
also known as hepatophyta
A
Division Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
20
Q
2-20mm wide, 100mm long; non flowering; spore producing
A
Division Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
21
Q
wort: ; liver: due to
A
small plant; lobe-like thallus
22
Q
types of marchantiophyta
A
- thallose liverworts
- leafy liverworts
23
Q
lobe-like, flattened, branching thallus
A
thallose liverworts
24
Q
subgroups of thallose liverworts
A
- complex thallose liverworts
- simple thallose liverworts
25
thallus is composed of many cells thick; cells in different layers within the thallus have different function
complex thallose liverworts
26
no such differentiation of cell function within the thallus
simple thallose liverworts
27
produce flattened ‘stem’ with overlapping scales or ‘leaves’ in three ranks
leafy liverworts
28
thallose liverwort (sp ex)
Pelia epiphylla
29
characterized by a thallose gametophyte usually having a thin rosette or ribbon-like thallus
division anthocerotophyta (hornworts)
30
sporophyte are generally erect, photosynthetic, and needle-like
= uniquely posses pyrenoids
division anthocerotophyta
31
store starch and are commonly found in green algae
pyrenoids
32
how many chloroplast does division anthocerotophyta have
one per cell
33
occupied by cyanobacteria like nostoc (give the blue-green color) (division anthocerotophyta)
Internal mucilage-filled cavities
34
= small, leafy, dioecious bryophyte
= grows from 1 to 10cm tall
= ubiquitous in nature
= thrive in diverse habitats all around the world; commonly grow in clumps under shady or moist places
division bryophyta (mosses)
35
how tall are the members of division bryophyta
1-10cm
36
the gametophyte of moss externally resemble the ff:
- stem
- leaves
- nodes
- internodes
- buds
37
classification of division bryophyta based on their water-conducting pathways
- ectohydric
- endohydric
- myxohydric
38
rely on ecternal source of water and assimilate water through capillarity
ectohydric
39
consist of primitive vascular structure (functionally resembles xylem and phloem
endohydric
40
conduct photoassimilates of endohydric bryophytes
leptome
41
conduct water on endohydric bryophytes
hydromel
42
capable to utilize both pathways of water
myxohydric
43
life cycle order of non-vascular plants
- haploid spore (on moist soils)
- protonema (filamentous)
- thallose/leafy gametophyte (dominant phase in its life)
44
dioecious (either male or female)
= produce antheridia or archegonia when mature
If the habitat is flooded with rainwater = sperm emerge from antheridia and swim to the archegonoium; then, one sperm fertilizes one egg to form a diploid zygote
Gametophyte of most bryophytes
45
what happens if the habitat of bryophytes is flooded with rainwater
sperm emerge from antheridia and swim to the archegonoium; then, one sperm fertilizes one egg to form a diploid zygote
46
develops within the archegonium; produces a sporangium as it matures
diploid sporophyte
47
produced due to meiosis within the sporangium
haploid spores
48
parts of a thallus liverwort (TRAAGGM)
- thallus
- rhizoid
- archegoniosphore
= antheridiophore
- gemmae cup
- gemmae
- midrib
49
ribbon-like dichotomously-branched gametophyte lying on the surface of the fround
thallus
50
hair-like projections at the ventral surface
rhizoid
51
resembles miniature palm trees that bears the archegonia (site of egg production)
archegoniosphore
52
small umbrella-like sturctures; bear numerous antheridia (sperm)
antheridiophore
53
cup-like sturctures enclosing the gemmae
gemmae cups
54
small discs of haploid tissue
gemmae
55
thickest part of the thallus
midrib
56
what stimulates the antheridia to release sperm
rain
57
where diploid sporophytes develop
swollen archegonia
58
parts of a liverwort sporophyte (FCSESP)
- foot
- capsule
- seta
-elaters
- spores
- protonema
59
anchors the sporophyte in place; connects with the archegonia
foot
60
spherical and ellipsoidal; site of spore productio
capsule
61
connects foot and capsule
seta
62
spring-like outer-cover covering
= push open the wall of the capsule to scatter the spores when the capsule bursts
elaters
63
filaments; grow and form mature gametophyte
protonema
64
found inside the capsule
spores
65
has a non-photosynthetic sporophyte that is ventrally located under the disk of the archegoniophore
Marchantia sp.
66
= both gametangia and sporangia are sunken in its thallus
= produces a simple sporophyte within the archegonia
= spores are only released when its thallus age and die
riccia
67
gametophyte parts of a leafy liverwort (TSLAR)
- thallus
- stem
- lateral appendages
- amphigastria
- rhizoids
68
what is the position of the thallus of a leafy liverwort
dorsoventrally flattened
69
cylindrical; give rise to rhizoids and three ranks of leaves
stem
70
leaves on the dorsal side
lateral appendages
71
= median appendages (smaller leaves) on the ventral side
= leaves have serrated margin; do not have any thickening (midrib or costa)
amphigastria
72
parts of a hornwort gametophyte (TSR)
- thallus
- sporophyte
- rhizoids
73
parts of a hornwort sporophyte (FICCCSPSP)
- foot
- intercalary system
- capsule
- capsule wall
- columella
- sporogenous layer
- pseudo-elaters
- spore
- protonema
74
elongated structure; connected to the intercalary meristem of a hornwort sporophyte
capsule
75
central cells; region of capsule which are sterile (hornwort sporophyte)
columella
76
found between the capsule wall and columella
= produces pseudo-elaters and spores
sporogenous layer
77
multicellular layer with spiral/helical thickenings that covers the spores and helps in spore dispersal
pseudo-elaters
78
parts of a moss (SLRS)
- stem
- leaves
- rhizoids
- sporophyte
79
tissue layer parts of a moss stem (HILOE)
- hydroids
- inner cortex
- leptoids
- outer cortex
- epidermis
80
constitute the leptome
= rings surround the hydroids or hydrome
leptoids
81
consitute the hydrome (non-lignified cells found at the center)
hydroids
82
how does water flow in mosses
simple diffusion
83
water conducting cells (hydroids) and solute conducting cells (leptoids) are present in the medulla
family polytrichaceae
84
parts of a sphagnum (HC)
- hyaline cells
- chlorophyllose cells
85
transparent; with thread-like fibrils traversing the cell; one to several pores
hyaline cells
86
photosynthetic cells; surrounds each hyaline cell
chlorophyllose cell
87
parts of antheridia of mnium sp (ASP)
- antheridia
- spematogenous layer
- paraphyses
88
= club-shaped
= contains numerous biflagellated sperms
= forms into cluster with other antheridium; attached to the tip of the male moss stem by a stalk
antheridia of mnium
89
= central tissue; where sperms develop; surrounded by a sterile jacket of cells
spermatogenous layer of mnium
90
sterile filament of cells; inserted between antheridia for added protection
paraphyses
91
parts of a moss capsule (CSOP)
- columella
- sporogenous cells
- operculum
- peristome teeth
92
central column of sterile cells; surrounded by a region of sporogenous cells (moss capsule)
columella
93
enclosed by a capsule wall of several layers including an epidermis and stomata
sporogenous cells of a moss capsule
94
= serves as a lid; covers the tip of the capsule
= shed off when spores are dispersed
operculum of a moss capsule
95
= row of hygroscopic teeth at the rim of the capsule
= curls outward as they dry and eventually disperses the haploid spores
peristome teeth of a moss capsule
96
what do mosses without peristome teeth do and what happens to the remains of the archegonial tissue (calyptra)?
- they disprese spores by splitting the capsule wall
- remains of the calyptra may be found covering the immature capsule
97
parts of the archegonia of mnium (CAP)
- cluster of archegonia
- archegonium
- paraphyses
98
flask-shaped; composed of an elongated neck and a bulbous posterior venter
archegonium
99
sterile; inserted between archegonium for protection
paraphyses
100
what happens to the sperms released from the antheridia of a male moss and what happens to the zygote that is produced?
- biflagellate sperms travel along the neck canal to the egg inside the venter
- zygote remains in the venter, develops into an embryo, and then into a sporophyte
