Lab Exercise 3 Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
encompass numerous and diverse organisms with the same intracellular organization in higher green plants (presence of organelles)
A
Eukaryotic algae
2
Q
belong to Kingdom Protista
A
Eukaryotic algae
3
Q
characterized with the absence of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
A
Eukaryotic algae
4
Q
not differentiated into roots, stems, or leaves
A
Eukaryotic algae
5
Q
main photosynthetic pigment of eukaryotic algae
A
chlorophyll
6
Q
divisions of eukaryotic algae
A
- Rhodophyta (class: Rhodophyceae)
-Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)
-Chrysophyta (Diatoms)
-Phaeophyta (True Brown Algae)
-Euglenophyta
-Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
7
Q
what is the class of rhodophyta
A
rhodophyceae
8
Q
known as red algae
A
rhodophyta
9
Q
phycobiliprotein that is responsible for rhodophyta’s bright pink or red pigmentation
A
phycoerythrin
10
Q
what is the class of pyrrophyta
A
dinoflagellates
11
Q
what is the class of chrysophyta (diatoms)
A
bacillariophyceae (based on the classification scheme of bold and wayne)
12
Q
what is the class of phaeophyta
A
true brown algae
13
Q
what is the class of chlorophyta
A
green algae
14
Q
what are the different modes of reproduction
A
- vegetative
- asexual
- sexual
15
Q
what are under the vegetative mode of reproduction
A
- division of cells
- fragmentation of colony
16
Q
enables fast and economical production of new individuals with stable adapted genotypes
A
vegatative and asexual
17
Q
under asexual mode
A
production of spores
18
Q
under sexual reproduction
A
union of gametes
19
Q
it allows variation and is more costly with the wasted gametes being failure to fertilize
A
sexual reproduction
20
Q
what are the different classification of the life cycle
A
- haplonic or zygotic life cycle
- diplontic or gametic life cycle
- diplohaplontic life cycle
- Generalized cycle
- Triphasic life cycle
21
Q
vegetative phase is predominant; haploid in nature; meiosis occurs during zygote germination
A
haplontic or zygotic life cycle
22
Q
single predominant vegetative diploid phase; meiosis leads to formation of haploid gametes
A
diplontic or gametic life cycle
23
Q
alternation of generation (between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte phase)
A
diplohaplontic life cycle
24
Q
produced by gametophytes via mitosis
A
gametes
25
created by sporophyte via meiosis
spores
26
seen in most members of Florideophycidae ( PolysiphoniaI sp.); follows a diplohaplontic life cycle with predominance of the sporophyte phase
Generalized cycle
27
life cycle exhibited by most red algae
-> gametophyte (n)
-> carposporophyte (2n)
-> tetrasporophyte (2n)
Triphasic life cycle
28
why is red algae differentiated from pigmented algae
- complete absence of flagella and centrioles in any stages
- absence of sexuality in some members
- lack of plasmodesmata and presence of pit connections in some members
29
consists of thylakoids that are unstacked
red algae
30
group into phycobilisomes same with cyanobacteria
red algae
31
subclasses of class rhodophyceae
- Bangiophycidae
- florideophycidae
32
unicellular forms, uninucleated cells, absence of pit connections in most members; absence of true sexual means of reproduction in some members (subclass of rhodophyceae)
Bangiophycidae and florideophycidae
33
what orders are under class bangiophycidae
- porphyridiales
- bangiales
- compsopogonales
34
what orders are under class florideophycidae
- nemaliales
- gracilariales
- gigartinales
- ceramiales
35
what family is order porphyridiales
Porphyridiaceae (Porphyridium cruentum)
36
what family is order bangiales
Bangiaceae (Porphyra sp.)
37
what family is order compsopogonales
Compsopogonaceae (Composopogon caeruleus) *
38
what family is order nemaliales
Galaxauraceae (Galaxaura sp.)
39
what family is order gracilariales
Gracilariaceae (Gracilaria sp.)
40
what family is order gigartinales
Solieriaceae (Eucheuma sp.)
41
what family is order ceramiales
Rhodomelaceae (Polysiphonia sp.)
42
-unicellular protists
-usual biflagellated nature of the vegetative cells
division pyrrophyta
43
different from one another in terms of form, orientation, and type of movement; can be inserted anteriorly laterally
flagella
44
enclosed by a cell covering
vegetative cells
45
consist mostly of cellulose material
cell covering
46
classes under pyrrophyta
- desmophyceae
- dinophyceae
47
apically inserted flagella
desmophyceae
48
- laterally inserted flagella or at the median section of the cell body
- one at the cingulum
- the other at the sulcus (longitudinally oriented groove)
dinophyceae
49
modes of reproduction for division pyrrophyta
Asexual - simple binary fission
Sexual - noted to occur in some
- either by siogamy or anisogam
50
can encyst under unfavourable conditions
= form of the cyst is very different from the vegetative cell
- considered a taxonomic character
some bloom-forming species
51
when does water appear golden or red (red tide) due to reproduction of dinoflagellates
during summer
52
affect/harm marine life such as fish, shellfish, clams, mussels, oysters
Neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates
53
representative species of division pyrrophyta
- Pyrodinium bahamense
- Prorocentrum
- Ceratium
54
= cell wall; mostly made of silica
= made up of two overlapping halves that fit together
Frustules or shell
55
constancy of the ornamentations in their wall structures and symmetry are what...?
taxonomic characters that delineate various group
56
symmetry of division chrysophyta
- radial = centric diatoms
- bilateral = pennate diatoms
57
modes of reproduction for division chrysophyta
- Sample longitudinal division of cells
- Sexual
58
= result in successive diminution in cell size
= does not continue
DIVISION CHRYSOPHYTA
Sample longitudinal division of cells
59
rejuvinescent cells; formed at a certain cell size under favorable amount of silica
= give rise to vegetative cells of maximum size
auxospores
60
auxospore formation is a ___ reproduction
sexual
61
fusion of non-motile gametes by either:
-isogamy
-anisogamy
-oogamy
auxospore formation
62
representative species of division chrysophyta
-Cyclotella
-Synedra
-Navicula
63
what division does brown algae belong to
division phaeophyta
64
= largest group of algae
= grows in shallow waters and on rocky shores
brown algae
65
what is the dominant pigment of xantophylls in brown algae
fucoxanthin
66
other pigments present in brown algae
- carotenoids
- phaeophycean tannins
67
shade of brown algae
brown-yellow, green-brown, dark-brown
68
largest group among the chromists
= contain chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin pigments
phaeophytes
69
what chlorophyll do phaeophytes contain
chlorophyll c
70
phaeophyte that has no unicellular nor colonial forms
true brown algae
71
sub classes of division phaeophyta as proposed by Kylin
- Isogeneratae
- Heterogenerate
- Cyclosporae
72
subclass of phaeophyta that has
=diplohaplontic life cycle
=isomorphic alternation
isogeneratae
73
subclass of phaeophyta that has
=diplohaplontic life cycle
=heteromorphic alternation
heterogenerate
74
subclass of phaeophyta that has
=diplontic life cycle (only diploid generation)
=no alternation
= same life cycle with diatoms
cyclosporae
75
included in the division; large brown algae seaweeds; “underwater forests”
kelps
76
representative species of division phaeophyta
- fucus
- Sargassum
- Ectocarpus
- Laminaria
-Hydroclathrus
- Padina jamaicensis
77
macro algae; aka “rockweed”
- commonly found on rocky seacoasts and marshes
- good sources of alginates
fucus
78
one of the products derived from kelp; for paper production, toothpaste, ice cream (increase viscosity), texture for uniform freezing and melting
alginates
79
- widely distributed in the tropic
- same type of life cycle as fucalean alga
sargassum
80
simplest habit as branched filament
- sporophyte (2n thallus) and gametophyte (n) are morphologically alike
- exhibits isomorphic alternation of generation
ectocarpus
81
- one of most complex forms and true tissure organization of its thallus
- example of a kelp that grows about 5m or more in length; rocky coast of temperate or polar seas
- heteromorphic alternation of generation
laminaria
82
net-like brown alga; common in the tropic
- heteromoprphic aternation, except that it produces PLURILOCULAR SPORANGIA along the margins of the blade
hydroclathrus
83
what does hydroclathrus produce along the margins of the blade
plurilocular sporangia
84
- white scroll algae
- leaf-like structure, blades split, irregularly branched to rocks in shallow reefs
- heavily fed by fish
padina jamaicensis
85
it has both chlorophyll a and b and it stores starch inside a double membraned plastid
green algae
86
two distinct groups of green algae
- chlorophytes
- charophytes
87
division chlorophyta includes the following
- scaly green flagellates
- ulvophyceae
- chlorophyceae
- trebouxiophyceae
88
scaly green flagellates
prasinophytes: Pyramimonas and Tetraselmis
89
Ulvophyceae
Ulva and Acetabularia
90
Chlorophyceae
Chlamydomonas and Volvox
91
Trebouxiophyceae
Chlorella
92
where do most chlorophytes live
in marine water
93
what is the color of chlorophyceae
clear green
94
- clear green color
- chlorophyll masked or altered little or not at all by other pigments
chlorophyceae
95
orders of chlorophyceae
- Volvocales, Chaetophorales, and Chlorococcales
- Chlorellales
- Oedogoniales
96
= more than half of all chlorophyceans
= offset flagellar arrangement (1oclock-7oclock)
- Volvocales, Chaetophorales, and Chlorococcales
97
flagellar arrangement of Volvocales, Chaetophorales, and Chlorococcales
offset : 1-7 oclock
98
= opposed flagellae (12oclock-6oclock)
= some have only vestigial flagellae (not been definitively associated with the group)
chlorellales
99
flagellar arrangement of chlorellales
opposed : 12-6 o clock
100
= complex multiflagellate crown on swimming spores
= filamentous, oogamous, net-like chkoroplasts
oedogoniales
101
= includes all embryophyte plants
= includes all freshwater green algae
division streptophyta
102
freshwater green algae that are included in division streptophyta
- Charophyceae (stoneworts)
- Coleochaetophyceae
- Zygnematophyceae (conjugates)
- Klebsormidiophyceae
- Mesostigmatophyceae (including chlorokybus)
103
- members form macroscopic branching filaments with a long central axis punctuated by nodal cells
- whorl of secondary branched cells are coenocytic = contains numerous chloroplasts and nuclei
- long stems between nodal cells may be a single cell in length
- species contain a jacket of cells surrounding the oogonium
charophyceae
104
what does coenocytic mean
contains numerous chloroplasts and nuclei
105
what is the structure of the flagellate of charophyceae
like those found in bryophytes and ferns
106
have resistant cell walls (sa charophyceae)
charophyte oospores
107
orders of charophyceae
- Klebsormidiales
- Zygnematales
- Coleochaetales
- Charales
108
what are the members of bangiophycidae
- unicellular red algae
- filamentous red algae
109
what is the species used for unicellular red algae
Porphyridium cruentum
110
parts of a unicellular red algae
- chromoplast = stores phycoerythrin
- cell envelope
- cell wall
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
111
what is the thick envelope around each cell of a unicellular red algae mainly made of
sulfrated galactans
112
an emulsifying agent produced by the sulfrated galactans
carrageenan
113
species used for filamentous red algae
- Compsopogon caeruleus
- Porphyra sp.
114
parts of a filamentous red algae
- branching thallus
- young branch
- branched uniseriate / uniaxial filamen
115
what happens to the uniseriate filaments as the thallus grow older
enlarges
116
covered by small-celled cortical cells to make it ensheathed or corticated
uniseriate filaments
117
gaps between adjacent cells
pit connections
118
one of the few freshwater red algae in the ph
Compsopogon caeruleus
119
cuboidal cells with similar features
undifferentiated cells
120
rectangular cells, grouped in multiples of 4
reproductive cells
121
cells present in porphyra sp
- undifferentiated cells
- reproductive cells
- vegetative cells
122
what is poryphera known for (in diff languages)
gamet - ilocano
nori - japanese
sea laver - english
*popular ingredient in making sushi
123
species used for florideophycidae
- Eucheuma sp.
- Galaxaura sp.
- Gracilaria sp.
- Polysiphonia in vegetative state
124
parts present in polysiphonia
- prostate system
- rhizoids
- attachment disc
- erect system
-apical cell
- trichoblast
125
creeping, basal part of thallus; attached to the substratum
prostate system
126
false roots attached to the prostate system
rhizoids
127
swollen distal end of each rhizoid
attachment disc
128
vertical and profusely branch part of the thallus
= composed of parallel filaments
erect system
129
parallel filaments
siphones
130
3 types of siphones
- central siphon
- pericentral siphon
- cortical siphon
131
center; elongated or larger cells
central siphon
132
surrounds the central; smaller and narrower cells
pericentral siphon
133
found in older branches; smaller than pericentral siphons
cortical siphon
134
where trichoblast branch grows and develops to bear spermatangia of male gametophyte or carpogonium of female gametophyte
apical cell
135
= small mono-siphonous or uniaxial branch of the thallus
= developed from the apical initial cell
trichoblast
136
= name derived from the polysiphonous characteristics of the algae’s branching filament
= composed of more than one layer (row) of cells making the filament multiseriate or multiaxial
polysiphonia
137
reproductive parts of polysiphonia sp. antheridia and carpogonium
- spermatangia with spermatia
- carpogonial branch
- carpogonium
- pericarp
- trichogyne
138
= one-shaped cluster
= globular or oblong (mature or fully-developed)
= unicellular structure
spermatangia with spermatia
139
branch or filament which bears the carpogonium
carpogonial branch
140
= basal swollen flask shaped cell
= within the pericarp of the carpogonial branch
carpogonium
141
= short sterile filaments
= form an urn-shaped envelope around the carpogonial branch
pericarp
142
= upper tubular elongated extension
= connected to the carpogonium
trichogyne
143
reproductive parts of polysiphonia sp cystocarp and tetraspores
- cystocarp
-carposporophyte
- carpospores
- tetraspores
- tetrasporophyte
144
original protective envelope (pericarp) is retained, but only grown in size and serves as the protective case of the carposporophyte
cystocarp
145
= globular/urn-shaped structure
= used to be a carpogonium
carposporophyte
146
tubular or pear-shaped cells in the carposporophyte
carpospores
147
round/cuboidal cell within the tetrasporophyte
tetraspores
148
= filamentous free-living plant
= morphologically similar with the gametophyte
tetrasporophyte
149
parts of pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa
- thecal plates
- epitheca
- hypotheca
- cingulum
- sulcus
149
species used for division pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
- prorocentrum (desmophyceae)
- ceratium (dinophyceae)
- pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa
149
ell wall sculptured into polygonal plates
thecal plates
150
difference between armored vs unarmored/naked
armored - present thecal plates
unarmored/naked - absent
151
upper part of cell body
epitheca
152
lower part of cell body
hypotheca
153
transverse groove; separates epitheca and hypotheca
cingulum
154
longitudinally oriented groove
sulcus
155
species used for division chrysophyta
- cyclotella
- synedra
- navicula sp.
156
parts of the species under chrysophyta
- striae
- pseudoraphe
-true raphe
157
= array of short straight lines radiating from the periphery of the disc towards the inside of the valve
= diagnostic characters used to delineate up to species level which are visible when protoplast was removed
striae
158
= not a true raphe
= without any markings
pseudoraphe
159
= striae are marginal but tend to extend nearer the axial area of the valve
= canal-like groove at the axial field of the valve
true raphe
160
species used for division phaeophyta
- ectocarpus sp.
- laminaria
- hydroclathrus
- sargassum
161
parts of ectocarpus sp.
- plurilocular sporangia
- unilocular sporangia
- diploid thalli
- haploid thalli
162
contain all fertile cells (phaeophyta)
- may young sporophyte thallus na ma form
plurilocular sporangia
163
= always occur on a diploid thalli (sporophytes)
= give rise to numerous haploid zoospres after meiosis that develop into haploid thalli (gametophytes)
unilocular sporangia
164
type of meiosis for ectocarpus (phaeophyta)
sporic meiosis
165
sporophytes (ectocarpus)
diploid thalli
166
gametophytes (ectocarpus)
haploid thalli
167
what type of alternation does ectocarpus have
alternation of generation
168
parts of laminaria
- holdfast
- stipe
- blade or lamina
- meiospores
169
anchors the alga firmly to the substrate
holdfast
170
short stalk but thick and spongy
stipe
171
= for photosynthesis
= bears unilocular sporangia along its margin
blade or lamina
172
= released in sporangia= biflagellated and germinate into:
- oogonia = few celled to little branched female
- clusters and clusters of antheridia = male gametophytes
meiospores
173
few celled to little branched female
oogonia
174
male gametophytes
clusters of antheridia
175
blade contains plurilocular sporangia
hydroclathrus
176
parts of a hydroclathrus
- sporophyte
- holdfast
- stipe
- blade
- air bladders or vesicles
- receptacles
- conceptacles
177
part of a hydroclathrus that has
= observable plant body
= commonly seen along rocky coastlines of temperate region
sporophyte (diploid thallus)
178
= strong ‘root-like’ structure
= could withstand strong wave action
holdfast
179
short ‘stem-like’ structure
stipe
180
prominent star-shaped axes; flattened and highly branching
blade
181
= spherical to subspherical
= usually come in pairs; serve as floaters
air bladders or vesicles
182
= fertile regions
= found in the tips of the branches
= inflated with rough surface walls
receptacles
183
= cavities in the surface walls of the receptacles
= may have one or both the ooginial (produce eggs) and antheridial (produce sperm)
conceptacles
184
= do not exhibit alternation of generations
= diplontic life cycle ( dominant and conspicuous thallus is a sporophyte
fucus
185
parts of a sargassum
- holdfast
-cylindrical main axes
- sterile leaf-like laterals
- air bladders or floaters
- conceptacles
- fertile branches
186
several flattened structures (part of a sargassum)
sterile leaf-like laterals
187
part of a sargassum that is spherical
air bladders or floaters
188
= more condensed
= narrower and shorter segments than vegetative axis
fertile branches
189
species used for chlorophyceae
- euglena
- chlamydomonas
-volvox
-spirogyra
-cladophora
-caulerpa
190
parts of a chlorophyceae species
-nucleus
-eyespot
-pyrenoid
-paramylon rings
-contractile vacuole
-daughter colony
-flagellum
-rhizoid
-thallus
-stalk/stipe
-gametophore
191
light sensitive pigmented spot
eyespot
192
protein body involved in carbon fixation, starch formation, and storage
pyrenoid
193
carbohydrate reserves that form rings
paramylon rings
194
subcellular structure; helps regulate liquid
contractile vacuole
195
under thallus; used for anchorage and absorption
rhizoid
196
plant body that is not differentiated into stem and leaves; lacks true roots and a vascular system
thallus
197
stem-like structure found on the thallus
stalk/stipe
198
bears the structures holding the gametes
gametophore
199
species used for charophyceae
chara
200
parts of chara
- antheridium/jacketed globute
-archaegonium/nucule
-rhizoid
-thallus
-main axis
-node
-internode
201
contains male gametes ( part of chara)
antheridium/jacketed globute
202
contains female gametes of a chara
archaegonium/nucule
203
= erect part of the algae
= bears nodes and internodes
main axis
204
pair of central small cells surrounded by 6-20 peripheral cells
node
205
single, elongated, or oblong cell
internode
206
= resembles horsetail or Equisetum
= commonly called as aquatic horsetail
chara
