Lab List Monday 6/23/14 Flashcards by Ashley Griffin

Flexor digitorum brevis Origin, insertion, innervation, action

Origin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa

Insertion: Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits

Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Action: Flexes lateral four digits

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Abductor hallucis Origin, Insertion, Innervation, Action

Origin: Flexor Retinaculum, Plantar aponeurosis, medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneous

Insertion: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Action: abducts and flexes 1st digit

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abductor digiti minimi origin, insertion, innervation, action

origin: medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa

Insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digits

Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Action: abducts and flexes 5th digit

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What are the muscles of the first layer of the sole of the foot? What two common origins do they share?

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
they share medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis

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Quadratus plantae origin, insertion, innervation, action

Origin: medial and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus

Insertion: posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Action: assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits

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lumbricals origin, insertion, innervation, action

origin: tendons of flexor digitorum longus
insertion: medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits

innervation: Medial one: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Lateral three: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

action: flex proximal phalanges; extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits

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What are the muscles of the second layer of the sole of the foot?

quadratus plantae

- lumbricals

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What are the muscles of the third layer of the sole of the foot?

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

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What are the muscles of the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

plantar interossei (three muscles)

- dorsal interossei (four muscles)

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Flexor hallucis brevis origin, insertion, innervatio, action

origin: plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform
insertion: both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
innervation: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit

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adductor hallucis origin, insertion, innervation, action

origin: oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4
transverse head: plantar ligaments of 3rd-5th
metatarsophalangeal joint

insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Action: adducts 1st digit, assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot

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flexor digiti minimi brevis origin, insertion, innervation, action

origin: base of 5th metatarsal
insertion: base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
innervation: superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
action: flexes proximal phalanx of the 5th digit

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Plantar interossei origin, insertion, innervatio, action

origin: bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
insertion: medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
action: adducts digits 3-5 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints

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dorsal interossei origin, insertion, innervation, action

origin: adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5

insertion: first: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
second-fourth: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits

innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
action: abducts digits (2-4) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints

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All of the muscles of the sole of the foot have the same segmental innervation. What is it?

S2, S3

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What are the seven tarsal bones?

calcaneous
talus
navicular
medial (first) cuneiform, at base of 1st metatarsal
intermediate (2nd) cuneiform, at base of 2nd metatarsal
lateral (third) cuneiform, at base of 3rd metatarsal
cuboid, most lateral in the distal row of the tarsal bones

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Sustentaculum tali

projects from the superior border of the medial surface of the calcaneous and supports the head of the talus

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On which tarsal bone is the groove for the tendon of fibularis longus located?

cuboid

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What bony structures are in the hindfoot? The midfoot? The forefoot?

Hindfoot:
   - talus and calcaneous
Midfoot:
   - navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid
Forefoot: 
   - metatarsals and phalanges

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The deep fascia on the dorsum of the foot is continuous with the:

Inferior extensor retinaculum and plantar fascia and aponeurosis

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What are some functions of the plantar fascia?

hold parts of the foot together
protect sole from injury
passively supports longitudinal arch of foot

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What forms the three compartments of the sole of the foot?

vertical intramuscular septa extending from the margins of the plantar aponeurosis

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What are the contents of the medial compartment of the sole of the foot?

abductor hallucis
flexor hallucis brevis,
tendon of flexor hallucis longus
medial plantar nerve and vessels

What are the contents of the central compartment of the sole of the foot?

flexor digitorum brevis
flexor digitorum longus
quadratus plantae
lumbricals
adductor hallucis
tendon of flexor hallucis longus
lateral plantar nerve and vessels

Contents of lateral compartment of sole of foot?

- abductor digiti minimi | - flexor digiti minimi brevis

The forefoot contains a fourth compartment. What are its contents?

- metatarsals - dorsal interosseous muscles - plantar interosseous muscles - deep plantar and metatarsal vessels

The plantar interossei muscles _1_ and the dorsal interossei _2_.

1) Adduct (PAD) | 2) Abduct (DAB)

Extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) and Extensor hallucis brevis (EHB, which is part of EHB). Where are they located and what functions do they serve? What nerve supplies them?

- anterior to the lateral malleolus - aid extensor digitorum and extensor hallucis longus in extending digits one through four - deep fibular nerve

What nerves supply the intrinsic muscles of the foot? What two muscles are an exception to this? What nerve supplies these exceptions?

- medial and lateral plantar nerves | - Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis, which are supplied by the deep fibular nerve

The medial and lateral plantar nerves are accompanied by:

- medial and lateral plantar arteries and veins

The popliteal artery branches into what arteries after exit of the popliteal fossa?

- anteriorly = anterior tibial artery - posteriorly = - posterior tibial artery - fibular artery

The anterior tibial artery divides into:

- anterior lateral and medial malleolar arteries - (medially) dorsalis pedis - (laterally) lateral tarsal artery - lateral tarsal and dorsalis pedis join to form arcuate artery just before the shafts of the metatarsal bones - from arcuate artery, dorsal metatarsal arteries - proper dorsal digital arteries

On the posterior leg, the popliteal artery divides into:

- posterior tibial artery (medially) - fibular artery (laterally) - medial and lateral malleolar arteries - medial and lateral plantar arteries - medial plantar divides into superficial and deep medial plantar arteries - lateral plantar and deep medial plantar arteries come together at the beginning of the metatarsal shafts to form deep plantar arch - plantar metatarsal arteries - common plantar digital arteries - proper plantar digital arteries

The sole of the foot is supplied by what artery?

posterior tibial artery

What artery supplies the muscles of the great toe and skin on the medial side of the sole?

medial plantar artery

The deep plantar arch runs between what?

The third and fourth muscle layers of the foot

The lateral four digits of the foot are supplied by what arteries?

plantar digital arteries

Deep veins of the foot _1_ whereas the superficial veins _2_ and _3_

1) accompany all arteries internal to the deep fascia 2) are not accompanied by arteries 3) drain most of the blood from the foot

Order of veins leading to main superficial veins from the toes:

- plantar digital veins - plantar metatarsal veins - dorsal and plantar venous arches - medial marginal vein; becomes great saphenous vein - lateral marginal vein; becomes small saphenous vein

Lymph nodes of the foot follow_1_ and eventually, all lymph from the lower limb eventually passes to _2_

1) veins and major vascular bundles | 2) iliac lymph nodes

Subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint type, movement, blood supply, nerve

type: plane synovial movement: inversion and eversion blood: posterior tibial and fibular arteries nerve: plantar aspect of medial or lateral plantar nerve, dorsal aspect of deep fibular nerve

Transverse tarsal joint: what joints, types, movements, blood supply, nerves?

Joints: talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints Types: - ball and socket type synovial, plane synovial Movements: gliding and rotatory, inversion/eversion/circumduction Blood: anterior tibial via lateral tarsal artery Nerve: plantar aspect of medial or lateral plantar nerve and dorsal aspect of deep fibular nerve

Metatarsophalangeal joint type, movement, blood supply, nerve

Type: condyloid synovial Movement: flexion, extension, some circumduction, abduction, adduction Blood: lateral metatarsal arteries Nerve: digital nerve

Interphalangeal joint type, movement, blood supply, nerve supply

Type: hinge synovial Movement: flexion, extension Blood: digital branches of plantar arch Nerves: digital nerves

The arches of the foot function to:

- absorb shock - act as springboards in walking - transverse arch spreads weight in all directions

Medial longitudinal arch is higher and more important than lateral. What structures support it? What structures does it contain?

- tibialis posterior - tibialis anterior - both their tendons - tendons of fibularis longus - contains: - calcaneous - talus - navicular - medial 3 cuneiforms - medial 3 metatarsals

Lateral longitudinal arch - flatter. What does it contain?

- calcaneous - cuboid - lateral two metatarsals

Transverse arch runs from side to side. What structures does it contain? What tendons maintain its curvature? What structures serve as its pillar?

contents: - cuboids - cuneiforms - bases of metatarsals maintain curve: - fibularis longus and posterior tibialis tendons pillar: - medial and lateral parts of longitudinal arch

Passive factors supporting the arches of the feet:

- shape of united bones - four successive layers of fibrous tissue: - plantar aponeurosis - long plantar ligament - short plantar ligament - calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

Dynamic support for the arches of the foot? Which muscles are specific to each arch?

- reflexive, active bracing action of intrinsic foot muscles - active and tonic contractions of these muscles - flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus for longitudinal arch - fibularis longus and anterior tibialis muscles for transverse arch

What muscles are in the first LAYER of the sole of the foot?

- abductor hallucis - flexor digitorum brevis - abductor digiti minimi (AFA)

Muscles of 2nd LAYER of sole of foot?

- quadratus plantae - lumbricals (QL)

Muscles of 3rd LAYER of sole of foot?

- flexor hallucis brevis - adductor hallucis - flexor digiti minimi brevis (FAF)

Fourth layer of muscles of sole of foot?

- plantar interossei - dorsal interossei (PD)

What two structures bear the greatest stress and greatest importance in maintaining the arches of the foot?

- plantar ligaments | - plantar aponeurosis