lab practical 3

Question 1

what is in the phylum hemichordata

Answer 1

worm like/ acorn worm

Question 2

what is significant of hemichordatas

Answer 2

exhibit half of the characteristics that define chordates

Question 3

what are the five characteristics in chordatas

Answer 3

dorsal, hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal gill slits
metamerism
post anal tail
endostyle
notochord

Question 4

what are the subphylum of chordata

Answer 4

urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata

Question 5

what are urochordata

Answer 5

sea squirts or tunicates

Question 6

movement in sea squirts

Answer 6

adults are sessile and are filter feeders

Question 7

why are urochordata put into chordata group

Answer 7

larval form shows all five characteristics while adulthood only has two of the five

Question 8

cephalochordata are

Answer 8

lancelets

Question 9

significance of lancelets

Answer 9

display all five characteristics as an adult

Question 10

chondrichthyes have what type of internal skeleton

Answer 10

cartilage skeleton

Question 11

class actinopterygii are

Answer 11

ray finned fish

Question 12

why are ray finned fish greater in complexity than agnathan fishes

Answer 12

evolution of jaws and paired appendages

Question 13

in ray finned fish what protects the central nervous system

Answer 13

cranium and vertebral column

Question 14

what does a swim bladder do

Answer 14

help with buoyancy

Question 15

amphibians are the first

Answer 15

tetrapods

Question 16

what allowed amphibians to survive on land

Answer 16

appendicular girdles, appendages for terrestrial locomotion, simple lungs, thing vascularized skin, neck

Question 17

why are amphibians tied to the water

Answer 17

reproduction

do not produce dry resistant eggs

Question 18

class reptilia has what that helps stay on land

Answer 18

dry skin covered with scales, regulatory ectotherms, increased metabolism, more flexible limbs, stronger jaw

Question 19

reproductive process in reptiles

Answer 19

amniotic egg (land eggs), internal fertilization

Question 20

which class is the first truly endothermic group

Answer 20

class aves

Question 21

in order for an animal to be endothermic what do they need

Answer 21

high metabolism, which produces heat

Question 22

how do class aves preserve heat

Answer 22

feathers serve as insulators

Question 23

what is another word for feathers

Answer 23

plumage

Question 24

what are other functions of feathers

Answer 24

flight, behavioral functions, and sensory functions

Question 25

what are the sexual dimorphisms in class aves

Answer 25

different plumages, color, feather shapes

Question 26

what is special about class aves skeleton

Answer 26

lighter to allow for flight

Question 27

what are the three types of feathers

Answer 27

remiges, coverts, and down feathers

Question 28

what are remiges

Answer 28

flight feathers

Question 29

characteristics of remiges

Answer 29

long, stiff, flight

Question 30

characteristics of coverts

Answer 30

shorter contour feathers, cover gaps of regimes feathers

Question 31

characteristics of down feathers

Answer 31

less organized, short and lie under the contour feathers

Question 32

what is in a contour feather

Answer 32

rachis, vane, calamus, barbs

Question 33

what is a rachis

Answer 33

long central shaft

Question 34

what is a vane

Answer 34

flat, attached to side of rachis

Question 35

what is the calamus

Answer 35

hollow portion at the base of the shaft that anchors the feather

Question 36

what is a barb

Answer 36

vane composed of lateral branches

Question 37

what is the more defined order of feathers

Answer 37

primary, secondary, tertiary, covert, semi plume feather and down feather

Question 38

what features are special for mammals

Answer 38

single lower jaw bone (dentary), mammary glands, hair, 3 middle ear ossicles, and diaphragm muscle

Question 39

what is vivipary

Answer 39

live birth of young

Question 40

another word for hair

Answer 40

pelage

Question 41

function of pelage

Answer 41

insulator to retain body heat

Question 42

how is hair classified

Answer 42

function and growth pattern

Question 43

angora is

Answer 43

hair that grows continuously

Question 44

definitive hair is

Answer 44

hair that only grows to a certain length and then stops growing

Question 45

describe vibrissae hairs

Answer 45

long stiff hairs that are well innervated at the base

Question 46

function of vibrissae hair

Answer 46

tactile receptors, whiskers for example

Question 47

function of guard hairs

Answer 47

protection

Question 48

what are the three major types of guard hairs

Answer 48

awns, bristles, and spines

Question 49

describe awns

Answer 49

definitive growth, covers bodies of most mammals

Question 50

describe bristles

Answer 50

long hairs with angora growth

Question 51

describe spines

Answer 51

barbed and have definitive growth

Question 52

function of under hairs

Answer 52

insulators

Question 53

three types of under hairs

Answer 53

wool, fur and velli

Question 54

describe wool

Answer 54

angora hair

Question 55

describe fur

Answer 55

definitive hair

Question 56

describe velli

Answer 56

very fine fuzz hair around embryo

Question 57

how is color determined in a mammal

Answer 57

amount of eumelanin and pheomelanin

Question 58

eumelanin

Answer 58

black and browns

Question 59

pheomelanin

Answer 59

reds and yellows

Question 60

cryptic coloration

Answer 60

conceals individuals from predators, blend in with surroundings

Question 61

disruptive coloration

Answer 61

sharply contrasting patters of light and dark colors, allow animal to blend into patterns of light and dark

Question 62

countershading

Answer 62

dorsum is dark and ventral is light

Question 63

true horns

Answer 63

only occur in female bovidae, unbranched and permanent

Question 64

description of true horn

Answer 64

arise from frontal bone, bony core surrounded by epidermal sheath of horn sheath keratinized on both male and female

Question 65

pronghorns

Answer 65

bony core from frontal bone with epidermal sheath

Question 66

pronghorns shed?

Answer 66

epidermal sheath sheds annually

Question 67

antlers

Answer 67

consist entirely of bone, branched and shed annually

Question 68

antlers provide with type of epidermal sheath

Answer 68

blood and nervous tissue that support growth

Question 69

two types of horn

Answer 69

true horns and pronghorns