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Lab Quiz 3 Flashcards

(121 cards)

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1
Q

Keratinocytes

A

The most abundant epidermal cells, whose main function is to produce keratin.

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2
Q

Keratin

A

A fibrous protein that gives epidermis its durability and protective capabilities.

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3
Q

Melanocytes

A

Spidery black cells that produce the pigment melanin.

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4
Q

Lagerhans (dendritic) Cells

A

Cells that play a role in immunity since epithelial tissue is avascular.

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5
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Touch receptors at the epidermal/dermal junction.

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6
Q

Layers of the epidermis in THIN skin

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosu, stratum corneum. Stratum spinosum is thickest.

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7
Q

Layers of the epidermis in THICK skin

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum. In thick skin, which is on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, stratum corneum is the thickest layer, and there are no hairs.

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8
Q

Epidermal Ridges

A

The ridges that connect dermis to areolar connective tissue, and are responsible for finger prints.

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9
Q

Layers of the Dermis (2)

A

Papillary Layer

Reticular Layer

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10
Q

Papillary Layer of Dermis includes: ____(3)____

A

Areolar connective tissue - very uneven
Dermal papillae - the ridges that attach the dermis to the epidermis
Meisnner’s (tactile) corpuscles - touch receptors in hairless skin

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11
Q

Reticular Layer of Dermis includes: ___(3)___

A

Dense irregular connective tissue - makes up the lowest layer of dermis
Pacinian (lamellar) corpuscles - pressure receptors
Decubitus ulcer - bedsores. Ulcers that are caused by pressure on the skin, which restricts blood supply and causes tissue death.

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12
Q

What tissues make up the dermis?

A

Areolar connective tissue in the papillary layer, and dense irregular connective tissue in the reticular layer

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13
Q

Meisnner’s Corpuscles

A

Touch receptors in the papillary layer of hairless skin.

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14
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Pressure receptors in the reticular (deepest) layer of dermis.

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15
Q

Decubitus Ulcers

A

Bedsores. Ulcers due to pressure on skin that restricts blood supply and causes tissue death.

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16
Q

The 3 components of skin color

A

Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin

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17
Q

Melanin

A

Brown to black pigment produced by melanocytes. Everyone has the same number of melanocytes, but their production is genetically determined.

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18
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment that contributes to skin tone.

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19
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Contributes to the pinkish hue in skin in people who are very fair. Comes from the blood cells in the dermal blood vessels.

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20
Q

Cutaneous Glands (2)

A

Sebaceous (oil) and Suderiferous (sweat)

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21
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Oil glands, which produce sebum (oil). Each hair has one. Sebaceous glands release their contents, which coats the hair, travels up and coats the skin. Keeps skin and hair from drying out and inhibits bacterial growth. Not on thick skin!

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22
Q

Suderiferous Glands

A

Sweat glands, located on all parts of the skin. Eccrine glands open on to the surface of the skin, Apocrine glands open into hair follicles in the armpits and groin.

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23
Q

Eccrine Glands

A

A suderiferous gland that opens on to the surface of the skin. In charge of thermoregulation.

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24
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

A suderiferous gland that opens into hair follicles, and is found in the armpits and groin.

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25
Nail Body
The visible, attached portion of the nail
26
Free Edge of the Nail
The portion of the nail that goes off the body (the white).
27
Nail Root
The part of the nail that is embedded in the skin, adheres to an epithelial nail bed.
28
Nail Folds
The skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail.
29
Eponychium
Cuticle of the nail.
30
Nail Bed
Extension of stratum basale beneath the nail, where the nail is attached to the skin underneath.
31
Nail Matrix
Where the nail root is, where the cells divide. Grows ~1mm/wk
32
Lunula
The white crescent at the bottom of the nail.
33
Hair Root
Any portion of hair sticking in to the skin
34
Hair Shaft
Any portion of hair sticking out of the skin
35
Hair Medula
The innermost layer of hair.
36
Hair Cortext
Between the hair cuticle and the hair medula. The thickest layer of hair, which contains melanin.
37
Hair Cuticle
The outermost layer of the hair shaft, which contains keratin.
38
Hair Bulb
Rounded area at the basal end of the follicle.
39
Arrector Pilli Muscle
Muscle on each hair that allows it to stand on end.
40
Components of Hair Follicle (4)
Epithelial sheath: internal sheath, external sheath, glassy membrane, and connective tissue sheath.
41
Internal Epithelial Sheath
Surrounds the cuticle of a hair.
42
External Epithelial Sheath
Surrounds the internal epithelial sheath on a hair.
43
Glassy Membrane
Surrounds the external epithelial sheath on a hair.
44
Connective Tissue Sheath
The outermost layer of hair, surrounds the glassy membrane.
45
Axial Skeleton
The bones down the center of the skeleton, ie skull, vertebra, ribs, sternum, but not the pelvis.
46
Appendicular Skeleton
Anything on the skeleton relating to the limbs, shoulders, pelvis.
47
Skeletal Articulations
Joints on a skeleton.
48
Two forms of bone
Compact bone - hard, dense, with osteons. | Cancellous bone - spongy, with trabeculae, which are the bony bars on spongy bone.
49
Trabeculae
The bony bars on cancellous (spongy) bone.
50
Articular Cartilage
Cartilage at joints.
51
Costal Cartilage
Cartilage at the ribs.
52
Laryngeal Cartilage
Cartilage at the voice box.
53
Nasal Cartilage
Nasal bones.
54
Intervertebral Disc Cartilage
Cartilage of the discs in between vertebrae.
55
Long Bone
Any bone longer than it is wide.
56
Short Bone
Almost cube shaped, bones that are short and squat.
57
Flat Bone
Bone type that is the scapula and the sternum
58
Irregular Bone
Bone type that is vertebrae
59
Sesamoid Bone
Short bones that form inside a tendon (ie the patella)
60
Wormian Bone (Sutural Bone)
Bone fragments alongside the joints of the skull.
61
Chemical Composition of Bone
Inorganic calcium salts (calcium, phosphorus) and Organic proteins (collagen fibers, which give bones their flexibility).
62
Tuberosity
Large, rounded projections of bone, may be roughened
63
Crest
A narrow ridge of bone, usually very prominent.
64
Trochanter
A very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process of bone (the only example is on the femur).
65
Line
A narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest.
66
Tubercycle
A small rounded projection or process on a bone.
67
Epicondyle
A raised area on or above a condyle on a bone.
68
Spine
A sharp, slender, often pointed projection on a bone.
69
Process
Any bone prominence.
70
Meatus
A canallike passageway on a bone.
71
Sinus
A bone cavity filled with air and lined with mucous membrane.
72
Fossa
A shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface.
73
Head (bone projection)
A bony expansion of bone carried on a narrow neck.
74
Facet (bone projection)
A smooth, nearly flat articular surface on a bone.
75
Condyle
A rounded articular projection of bone.
76
Ramus
An armlike bar of bone.
77
Groove (bone)
A furrow of bone.
78
Fissure
A narrow, slitlike opening of bone.
79
Foramen
A round or oval opening through a bone
80
Notch
An indentation at the edge of a structure of bone.
81
Diaphysis (of bone)
Shaft of the long bone.
82
Metaphysis (of bone)
The cavity inside of the diaphysis. Stores Yellow bone marrow.
83
Epiphyseal plate/line
The plate is made of cartilage for when you are still growing. Once you are an adult at full height, the bone is no longer cartilage and shows only a line. Resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcification, ossification. This process is how bones grow in length!
84
Proliferative Zone (epiphyseal plate)
Cartilage cells undergo mitosis. (epiphyseal plate)
85
Hypertrophic Zone (epiphyseal plate)
Older cartilage cells grow in size. (epiphyseal plate)
86
Calcification Zone (epiphyseal plate)
Matrix calcifies, ECM hardens, cartilage cells die. (epiphyseal plate)
87
Ossification Zone (epiphyseal plate)
Osteoblasts turn cartilage in to bone, new bone is formed. (epiphyseal plate)
88
Epiphysis
The ends of bone, made of spongy bone. Inside there is red bone marrow, which is where red blood cells are made.
89
Compact Bone
Contains Perforating/Volkmann's canals, and nutrient artery foramina.
90
Perforating/Volkmann's Canals
Blood vessels that penetrate compact bone horizontally.
91
Nutrient Artery Foramina
Holes on the outside of the bone, where arteries can penetrate the bone.
92
Medullary Cavity
Where yellow marrow is stored.
93
Cancellous bone
Spongy bone. Where red marrow is stored.
94
Perioseteum
The connective tissue outside of the bone. Comprised of perforating fibers, which are the grey fibers when you are tearing tissue off.
95
Osteoblast
Builds bone.
96
Osteoclast
Breaks down bone.
97
Articular Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bone.
98
Endosteum
The lining inside of the medullary cavity (where yellow marrow is stored).
99
Osteon/Haversion System
Runs parallel to the long axis of bone, carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. At the center of the osteon.
100
Central Canal
Central canal of the osteon.
101
Concentric Lamellae
Rings of concentric ECM surrounding the central canal.
102
Canaliculi
Tiny canals that radiate outwards from the central canal to the lacunae of the lamella, then from lamella to lamella. How nutrients are transported to living cells. (Red lines on the models)
103
Circumferential Lamellae
A bony lamella that encircles the outer or inner surface of a bone. Flat pieces that surround the whole bone.
104
Interstitial Lamellae
Occupies the space between circular osteons.
105
Lacunae
A small space containing an osteocyte.
106
Perforating/Volkmann's Canals
Canals that run at right angles to the shaft and complete the communication pathway between the bone inferior and its external surface.
107
Osteocytes
A bone cell. Formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix that it has secreted.
108
Osteoblast
A cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.
109
Osteoclast
A cell that absorbs bone tissue.
110
Flexion
Decrease in the angle of a joint. Chin to chest, heel to butt.
111
Extension
Increase in the angle of a joint. Chin up and away from chest.
112
Abduction
Movement of limbs away from the body. Arm away from torso, fanning of fingers.
113
Adduction
Moving of limbs toward the body.
114
Rotation
Movement of bone around a longitudinal axis. Rotation of head.
115
Circumduction
Movement with one end stationary and the distal end moving in a circle, like a cone. Arm and leg circles, thumb circles.
116
Pronation
Movement of the palms from an upward facing position, rotated around to a posterior/downward facing position.
117
Supination
Movement of the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position. Thumbs up and back, palms up, like holding a cup of soup.
118
Inversion
Movement that brings the soles of the feet together (butterfly).
119
Eversion
Movement of the feet so the soles face outward. Opposite of inversion.
120
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the toes back towards the knee, "flexing" the foot.
121
Plantar Flexion
"Pointing" the toes, toes move downwards.

Anatomy (8 decks)

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