Lecture Quiz 1

Question 1

Gross Anatomy

Answer 1

Branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues visible to the naked eye.

Question 2

Histology

Answer 2

The study of microscopic anatomy.

Question 3

Endocrinology

Answer 3

The physiology of hormones

Question 4

Pathophysiology

Answer 4

The changes associated with disease

Question 5

Cell

Answer 5

The basic unit of life. Smallest functional units.

Question 6

Tissue

Answer 6

A group of cells similar in structure or function.

Question 7

Organ

Answer 7

A structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.

Question 8

Organ System

Answer 8

A group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function.

Question 9

Organism

Answer 9

All the systems that create a living person

Question 10

Integumentary System

Answer 10

Protects organs, excretes salt, helps regulate body temp.

Skin, hair, nails

Question 11

Skeletal System

Answer 11

Provides body support, protects internal organs, levers for muscle action.

Bones, cartilage, blood cell formation

Question 12

Muscular System

Answer 12

Allows locomotion by contracting or shortening, generates heat.

Skeletal muscles only (gluteal, abductor)

Question 13

Nervous System

Answer 13

Helps maintain homeostasis, allows body to detect changes in internal/external environment and respond.

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 14

Endocrine System

Answer 14

Helps maintain homeostasis, promotes growth and development, produces hormones.

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland, ovaries, testes

Question 15

Cardiovascular System

Answer 15

Transports blood to tissue cells, antibodies are used to protect body.

Heart, blood vessels, blood

Question 16

Lymphatic/Immune System

Answer 16

Cleanses blood of pathogens, houses lymphocytes to protect body from foreign substances.

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

Question 17

Respiratory System

Answer 17

Supplies oxygen for the blood, keeps blood balanced using the bicarbonate buffering system

Nasal passages, larynx, brochi, lungs

Question 18

Digestive System

Answer 18

Breaks down food, undigested residue is removed as feces.

Oral cavity, stomach, small and large intestine, liver

Question 19

Urinary System

Answer 19

Rids body of nitrogen-containing waste, maintains water/electrolyte balance of blood

Kidneys, bladder, urethra

Question 20

Reproductive System

Answer 20

Provides germ cells for sperm or eggs for the perpetuation of the species.

Ovaries, uterus, vagina, testes, penis

Question 21

Metabolism

Answer 21

The sum of all reactions in a cell or in the human body.

Question 22

Anabolism

Answer 22

Building larger molecules.

Question 23

Catabolism

Answer 23

Breaking down molecules.

Question 24

Responsiveness

Answer 24

The body is able to detect what is going on in it’s environment and is able to respond to it.

Question 25

Movement

Answer 25

The movement of the entire body, cellular movement, or intracellular movement.

Question 26

Growth

Answer 26

An increase in body size, increase in the number of cells in the body, or an increase in the size of a single cell.

Question 27

Differentiation

Answer 27

When an unspecialized cell turns in to a specialized cell (aka stem cells).

Question 28

Reproduction

Answer 28

Creation of a new human.

Question 29

Life Processes (6)

Answer 29

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction. Failure of any of these other than reproduction usually means disease or death

Question 30

Homeostasis

Answer 30

The maintenance of a constant intern environment. 98.6°, blood pH of 7.4, constant blood glucose. The Nervous system and the Endocrine system monitor these levels.

Question 31

Homeostasis Control and Feedback Loops (3)

Answer 31

Receptor, Control Center, Effecto

Question 32

Feedback Loops: Receptor

Answer 32

Monitors and detects changes, sends the info to the control center.

Question 33

Feedback Loops: Control Center

Answer 33

Receives the input, processes the information, makes a decision and sends out a response.

Question 34

Feedback Loops: Effector

Answer 34

Acts to bring about a change.

Question 35

Negative Feedback Loops

Answer 35

A drop in body temperature: skin detects changes, sends information to the brain. Brain sends information to sweat glands to inactivate, muscles to contract (shivering), blood vessels of the skin to constrict (vaso constrict). This leads to an increase in body temperature, which shuts off receptors and ends the feedback loop.

Question 36

Positive Feedback Loops

Answer 36

Birth: receptors in the service feel the baby's head hitting, sends this signal to the brain. The brain then signals the uterus to contract, pushing the baby on to the cervix again even harder, triggering the loop to happen again, even stronger. The feedback loop continues over and over until the baby gets all the way out. The loop will intensify and the response of the effector will intensify, until the initial stimulus is removed.

Question 37

Saggital Plane

Answer 37

Divides the body in to a left and right. Midsaggital/median: down the center line, creates equal parts Parasaggital: body is divided into uneven parts

Question 38

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Answer 38

Body is divided into anterior/posterior parts.

Question 39

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

Answer 39

Body is divided into superior/inferior parts.

Question 40

Oblique Plane

Answer 40

Any plane in which the body is cut at an angle

Question 41

Superior/Inferior

Answer 41

Superior is above, Inferior is below Nose is superior to mouth. Adbomen is inferior to chest.

Question 42

Anterior/Posterior

Answer 42

Anterior is forward, Posterior is towards the backside. Spine is posterior to the heart.

Question 43

Medial/Lateral

Answer 43

Medial is towards the midline, Lateral is away from it. Sternum is medial to the ribs, the ear is lateral to the nose.

Question 44

Cephaled (cranial)/ Caudal

Answer 44

Cephaled/cranial is towards the heard, Caudal is towards the tail. (In humans these are interchangeable with superior and inferior, but in four legged animals they are synonymous with anterior and posterior.

Question 45

Dorsal/Ventral

Answer 45

Dorsal is the backside, Ventral is the bellyside.

Question 46

Proximal/Distal

Answer 46

Proximal is nearer to the trunk, Distal is farther from the trunk. Used for limbs instead of superior/inferior. Fingers are distal to the elbow. Knee is proximal to the toes.

Question 47

Superficial/Deep

Answer 47

Superficial is toward the body surface, distal is away from the body surface. Skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles. Lungs are deep to the rib cage.

Question 48

Body Cavities

Answer 48

Posterior/Dorsal, Anterior/Ventral, Abdominopelvic

Question 49

Posterior/Dorsal Body Cavity

Answer 49

Cranial cavity (brain), Vertebral/spinal cavity (spinal cord). Meninges are the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Question 50

Anterior/Ventral Body Cavity

Answer 50

Thoracic cavity: ``` Pleural cavity (lungs) Pericardial cavity (heart) Mediasteinum (the area in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, as seen in a transverse cut) ``` Thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm.

Question 51

Abdominopelvic Body Cavity

Answer 51

Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity Divided by about the hip bones and below

Question 52

Serous Membranes

Answer 52

Serous membranes surround organs and line the body cavities. Their purpose is to reduce friction. They have two layers: Visceral Layer covers the organ, and the Parietal Layer lines the body cavity. Serous membranes secrete serous fluid, which prevents damage of the cells.

Question 53

Parietal Peritoneum vs Visceral Peritoneum

Answer 53

Peritoneum: serous membrane of the abdominal cavity | Parietal peritoneum lines the cavity wall, while the visceral peritoneum covers the surfaces of organs.