LAB SUPPLIES Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
What is the most common type of high thermal resistant glass?
A
Borosilicate glass
Borosilicate glass is known for its high resistance to thermal shock and chemical attack.
2
Q
Name three types of glassware made from borosilicate glass.
A
- Beakers
- Flasks
- Pipettes
3
Q
What are the benefits of borosilicate glass?
A
- High resistance to thermal shock
- High resistance to chemical attack
- Heavy walls to minimize breakage
- Minimal contamination of liquids
4
Q
What is high silica glass also known as?
A
Corex glass
Corex is made by removing all elements from borosilicate glass.
5
Q
How much stronger is high silica glass compared to borosilicate glass?
A
Six times stronger
6
Q
What are the applications of high silica glass?
A
- High precision analytical work
- Optical reflectors
- Mirrors
7
Q
What is high alkali-resistant glass commonly referred to as?
A
Soft glass
This glass has much less thermal resistance than borosilicate glass.
8
Q
What is the heat strain range for high alkali-resistant glass?
A
5-15°C
9
Q
What is the primary use of high alkali-resistant glass?
A
Used for digestion with strong alkali
10
Q
What is low actinic glass used for?
A
Protection of light-sensitive reagents
Examples include bilirubin and vitamin A.
11
Q
What color does low actinic glass typically have?
A
Red color
12
Q
What is standard flint glass also known as?
A
Lime glass
13
Q
What is a primary application of standard flint glass?
A
Manufacture of weighing bottles
14
Q
What are special glasses used for?
A
- Light fitters
- Lamp bulbs
- Lighting lenses
15
Q
What is unique about coated glasses?
A
They have a thin metallic oxide permanently bonded to the surface
16
Q
What is the primary characteristic of colored and opal glasses?
A
They are used for decorative and functional purposes in various applications
17
Q
A
18
Q
A
19
Q
What is the starting material for Optical Glasses?
A
Soda-lime, lead, and borosilicate of high optical purity
Used in making prisms, lenses, and optical devices.
20
Q
What is the purpose of Radiation-Absorbing Glasses?
A
Applications as heat shield to protect against infrared light
Useful in preventing transmission of huge energy radiation like gamma rays and x-rays.
21
Q
What are the properties of Glass Ceramics (Pyroceram)?
A
High thermal resistance, chemical stability, and corrosion resistance
Similar to borosilicate glasses.
22
Q
What are the applications of Glass Ceramics?
A
Useful in hot plates, table tops, and heat exchanges
Made of soda-lime and lead.
23
Q
What is the trend in laboratory settings regarding plastic wares?
A
Beginning to replace glassware
Due to high resistance to corrosion and breakage.
24
Q
What are Polyolefins?
A
A unique group of resins with relatively inert properties
Unaffected by acids, alkalis, salt solutions, and aqueous solutions.
25
What is the temperature tolerance of Polypropylene?
Can withstand higher temperatures and can be autoclaved
## Footnote
More vulnerable to attack by oxidizing agents.
26
What items are commonly fabricated from Polypropylene and Polyethylene?
Bottles, beakers, jars, jugs, funnels, pipette jars, pipette baskets, tanks, burette covers, check valves, disconnect valves, twistcock connectors, needle valves, hollow stoppers, dropping pipettes, hydrometer jars, stirring rods, tubings, and reagent dispensers
## Footnote
Both materials are primarily used for these applications.
27
What is a key property of Polycarbonate Resin?
Twice as strong as polypropylene
## Footnote
May be used at temperatures ranging from 100 °C to 160 °C.
28
What is the solubility characteristic of Polycarbonate Resin?
Dissolved by chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
## Footnote
Insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons, some alcohols, and dilute aqueous solutions and salts.
29
What are common uses for Polycarbonate Resin?
Extensively used in centrifuge tubes and graduated cylinders
## Footnote
Unsuitable for use with bases such as amines, ammonia, alkalis, and oxidizing agents.
30
What is Tygon tubing made from?
Modified plasticized polyvinyl chloride
## Footnote
Non-toxic and clear plastic.
31
What are the temperature characteristics of Tygon tubing?
Flexible at 30 °C, brittle at 45 °C, and resists dry heat to 95 °C
## Footnote
Can be steamed, autoclaved, or chemically sterilized.
32
What is a key characteristic of Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin?
Most vulnerable in temperature
## Footnote
Can resist extreme temperatures ranging from -270 °C to 255 °C.
33
What are the uses of Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin?
Used for self-lubricating stopcocks, stirring bars, bottle cap liners, and tubing
## Footnote
Known for its antiadhesive properties.
34
What is the significance of Polystyrene in the context of plastic wares?
Beginning of all plastic wares
## Footnote
Serves as a foundational material in the development of plastic products.
35
36
What is a TC (To Contain) pipette?
A pipette that holds a particular volume but does not dispense that exact volume.
## Footnote
It is calibrated by introducing the exact weight of mercury required to give the desired volume at a specific temperature.
37
How is a TC pipette calibrated?
By introducing the exact weight of mercury required to give the desired volume at a specific temperature.
## Footnote
Mercury does not wet glass, so the pipette will contain but not deliver the stated volume.
38
What is a TD (To Deliver) pipette?
A pipette that dispenses the indicated volume and drains on its own.
## Footnote
It is calibrated by weighing the volume of water that flows from it by gravity.
39
What is a 'To Blow Out' pipette?
A pipette similar to a TD pipette but with remaining drops at the tip blown out to the receiving vessel.
## Footnote
It has an etched ring near the mouthpiece.
40
What is a self-draining pipette?
A pipette that allows the contents to drain by gravity without additional force.
## Footnote
The user does not blow out the remaining liquid.
41
What is a volumetric/transfer pipette?
A pipette designed to dispense one fixed volume with the greatest degree of accuracy and precision.
## Footnote
It has a bulb near the mouthpiece.
42
What is the purpose of the bulb in a volumetric pipette?
To decrease surface area per unit volume and diminish error from water film.
## Footnote
This design enhances accuracy in liquid transfer.
43
What is an Ostwald-Folin pipette used for?
Measuring viscous fluids and smaller volumes (2.0 mm or less).
## Footnote
It has a bulb near the tip and is used with biologic fluids thicker than water.
44
What distinguishes a graduated/measuring pipette?
It is used to deliver an amount of liquid contained between two calibration marks.
## Footnote
It allows for measurement of varying volumes.
45
What is a serologic pipette?
A pipette that has calibration marks to the tip and is used for precise liquid measurements.
## Footnote
It is also referred to as a blow-out pipette.
46
What is a Mohr pipette?
A pipette with calibration lying between two marks and no graduations to the top.
## Footnote
It is typically self-draining.
47
What defines a micropipette?
A pipette used for small volumes (< 1 mL) and can be fixed volume or automatic.
## Footnote
It may also include multi-channel pipettes used in ELISA.
48
Fill in the blank: A _______ pipette is calibrated with mercury and requires the entire content to be emptied.
To contain
49
50
What is a Pasteur Pipette used for?
Transferring serum samples
## Footnote
It has a narrow, tapered end and no calibration.
51
What are the advantages of using an Automatic Pipette?
* Time savings
* Safety
* Stability
* Ease of use
* Increase in precision
* Lack of required cleaning
## Footnote
Includes macro (>1ml) and micro (<1ml) types.
52
What are the two types of pipettes mentioned?
* Air displacement
* Positive displacement
## Footnote
Air displacement can cause aerosol contamination, while positive displacement does not.
53
What materials are tips of Automatic Pipettes typically made from?
Glass or plastics
## Footnote
Tips are often disposable and usually one type per patient.
54
What is the primary use of Beakers?
General mixing and reagent preparation
## Footnote
They are made of borosilicate glass and resistant to many chemicals.
55
What is a Graduated Measuring Cylinder used for?
Measuring volumes of liquids when high accuracy is not essential
## Footnote
Used in preparing liquids for agar and urine volume over 24 hours.
56
What is the defining feature of a Volumetric Flask?
Has one calibration mark on the narrow part of the neck
## Footnote
Used to contain a specific amount of volume of liquid.
57
What is the precision range of an Analytical Balance?
Up to 1/1000 of a gram
## Footnote
Range: 0.01 mg - 160 mg.
58
What is the precision of a Rough/Platform Balance?
Up to 0.1 gram
## Footnote
Examples include torsion and triple beam balances.
59
What are the two types of centrifuge heads mentioned?
* Fixed-angle head
* Swinging-bucket type
## Footnote
Fixed-angle heads are most commonly used.
60
What is a chemical?
A substance that occurs naturally or is obtained through a chemical process
## Footnote
Used to produce a chemical effect or reaction.
61
What defines a reagent?
Any substance employed to produce a chemical reaction
## Footnote
Reagents can be made from chemicals of various purities.
62
What is essential when preparing accurate standard solutions?
Using pure chemicals
## Footnote
The label on the bottle may provide important information on purity.
63
True or False: The label on a chemical bottle provides information about impurities.
True
## Footnote
It may include maximum limits of impurities or an actual analysis.
64
65
What are the grades of chemicals available for the clinical laboratory?
* Standard solutions
* Volumetric
66
What is Reagent Grade / Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade?
Chemicals of a high degree of purity used in the preparation of reagents, often designated by the letter ACS (American Chemical Society)
67
What does Chemically Pure (CP) Grade signify?
Chemicals sufficiently pure for many analyses, but impurity limits are not specified
68
When might Chemically Pure (CP) Grade chemicals not be acceptable?
For research and various clinical laboratory techniques unless specifically analyzed for the desired procedure
69
What is the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF) Grade?
Reagents that meet specifications stated in USP and NF, generally less pure than CP grade
70
What is the purpose of Ultrapure chemicals?
Used as starting materials for synthesis of other chemicals but not generally in clinical chemistry
71
What does Technical / Commercial Grade indicate?
Chemicals used only for industrial purposes, not for clinical laboratory reagents
72
Which agencies supply certified clinical laboratory standards?
* National Bureau of Standards
* College of American Pathologists
* National Committee for Clinical Standards (NCCLS)
73
What are Primary Standards?
Highly purified chemicals with known concentration used to achieve accuracy
74
What are Secondary Standards?
Prepared solutions whose concentration is determined using primary standards and acceptable reference methods
75
What is a Reference Standard in clinical chemistry?
Chemicals in reliable preparations used for analysis, often referred to as 'control material'
76
What is a reference sample?
A sample with chemical composition and physical characteristics that simulate the specimen being analyzed
77
What forms can a reference sample take?
* Serum
* Reference pool
* Solution ready for use
78
What is the purpose of unassayed and assayed reference samples?
Unassayed samples have no identified values, while assayed samples have identified values
79
How are reference samples useful in clinical laboratories?
* Proficiency testing
* Interlaboratory surveys
* Calibration of reference materials and reagent sets
80
