LAB1 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
cranial
A
the skull
2
Q
axillary
A
the armpit
3
Q
brachial
A
the arm
4
Q
antebrachial
A
the forearm
5
Q
antecubital
A
the front of the elbow
6
Q
cephalic
A
the head
7
Q
cervical
A
the neck
8
Q
popliteal
A
the hollow behind the knee
9
Q
plantar
A
the sole of the feet
10
Q
superior
A
closer to head
11
Q
inferior
A
farther from head
12
Q
anterior
A
towards the front of the body
13
Q
posterior
A
towards the back of the body
14
Q
medial
A
closer to midline
15
Q
lateral
A
farther from midline
16
Q
superficial
A
closer to surface
17
Q
deep
A
farther from surface
18
Q
proximal
A
closer to trunk
19
Q
distal
A
farther from trunk
20
Q
how do dorsal and ventral relate to anterior and posterior?
A
anterior = ventral and posterior = dorsal for humans
21
Q
sagittal
A
longitudinal plane, divides body into left and right sides
22
Q
midsagittal/median
A
longitudinal plane that passes through midline, divides body into equal left and right sides
23
Q
parasagittal/paramedian
A
longitudinal plane that does not pass through midline, divides body into unequal left and right sides
24
Q
transverse/cross section
A
latitudinal plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions
25
frontal/coronal
longitudinal plane that divides body into posterior and anterior portions
26
oblique
plane that passes through body/organ at an oblique angle
27
cranial cavity
formed by cranial bones, contains brain
28
vertebral canal
formed by vertebral column, contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
29
thoracic cavity
chest cavity, contains pleural, pericardial cavities and mediastinum
30
pleural cavity
potential space between pleura that surrounds lung
31
pericardial cavity
potential space between pericardium that surrounds heart
32
mediastinum cavity
central portion of thoracic cavity
33
abdominopelvic cavity
contains abdominal and pelvic cavities
34
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder
35
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs
36
what is the structure that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
the diaphragm
37
what is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?
cytosol is the semifluid portion of cytoplasm where organelles are suspended in
38
why are cells best visible under electron micrographs and not light microscopes?
too small to visualize and don't readily take up stains
39
what are TEMs?
transmission electron microscopes, 2D image
40
what are SEMs?
scanning electron microscopes, 3D image
41
centrosome and centrioles
organ where assembly of microtubules begin, contains tubulins, used for growth of mitotic spindle
42
chromatin
uncondensed DNA in interphase cells
43
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments, provides structural support for cell and aids in movement of organelles
44
microfilaments
thinnest protein filaments, composed of actin and myosin, generate movement and provide mechanical support
45
microtubules
largest of cytoskeletal components, long unbranched tubules of tubulin proteins, function in movement of organelles and chromosomes and compose cilia and flagella
46
mitotic spindle
microtubules formed by pericentriolar matrix, appears during mitosis's prophase
47
asters
visible only when cells in mitosis
48
cilia
motile cell projections that move fluid across cell's surface
49
flagella
motile cell projections that move entire cell forward
50
golgi complex
consists of flattened membranous saccules with cis and trans face, modifies proteins and lipids and sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations
51
microvilli
cell extensions/projections that greatly increase cell's surface area, supported by microfilaments
52
mitochondria
powerhouse of cell, cellular respiration
53
nucleus
control centre of cell where genes are located and ribosomes manufactured
54
nuclear envelope
membrane of nucleus, separates interior of nucleus from cytoplasm
55
nuclear pores
holes in nuclear envelope that permit exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm, controls movement of substances
56
nucleolus
core of nucleus, produces ribosomes
57
plasma membrane
fluid mosaic lipid bilayer studded with proteins, encompasses and protects cell
58
ribosomes
composed of two subunits, made of ribosomal RNA, synthesizes proteins via translation
59
rough er
membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules, covered with ribosomes, attached to nuclear envelope, synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids
60
smooth er
membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules, lacks ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acids and steroids
61
what happens when normal cells or tissues change?
the organ's function can be altered, may result in disease
62
what does performing microscopic examination of tissue biopsies do?
determine if abnormal structures are indicative of disease
63
how does a light microscope operate?
passes light through a specimen, sequence of lenses magnify image
64
what does the condenser do?
focuses light into a beam of parallel light waves that go through specimen, passing through objective lens that magnifies image and sends it along the tube to the ocular lens
65
how do you carry a microscope?
carry with two hands, one hand on arm and other supporting base
keep close to body, in upright position
66
what is something you need to check and do before plugging and using microscope?
1. check if light switch was left in off position
2. check if intensity dial is lowest number
3. fully unwind cord
4. keep cord from dangling off desk
5. clean lenses and any other surface with kimwipes
67
what do you do before putting away the microscope?
1. return low power objective to center
2. center stage and remove slide
3. turn intensity dial to lowest number
4. turn off the lamp
5. unplug and wind electrical cord
6. put dust cover over microscope
7. place in cabinet w/ arm facing out
68
what is the base?
broad, flat, lower support - one hand placed here when carrying microscope
69
what is the turret?
allows oculars to revolve after screw is loosened,
always retighten screw
70
what is the arm?
connects base to head - used as hand grip when carrying microscope
71
what are the ocular lenses?
contains 10x magnifying lens - observations made through these lenses,
one lens has pointer that can be adjusted by rotating ocular to indicate interesting features on slide
72
what are the objective lenses?
four barrels with lenses to magnify images to 4x, 10x, 40x, or 100x
73
what is the nosepiece?
rotating mechanism below the turret with objective lenses attached - used to switch between objective lenses
74
what is the stage?
large, flat surface - supports slide over hole that admits light from below
75
what is the mechanical stage?
holds slide on stage with spring clip - allows for exact slide manipulation
76
what are the mechanical stage knobs?
one knob moves slide vertically, one moves slide horizontally - allows movement of slide
77
what is the coarse focus knob?
changes the distance between objective lenses and specimen to permit rough focusing
78
what is the fine focus knob?
changes the distance between objective lenses and specimen to permit precise focusing once coarse focusing completed
79
what is the condenser lens?
small, substage lens - focuses light onto the specimen
80
what is the condenser adjustment knob?
moves the condenser lens up or down
condenser lens best kept close to stage
81
what is the iris diaphragm?
regulates amount of light passing through condenser lens to the specimen
82
what does reducing the light intensity via iris diaphragm do?
increases contrast of semi-transparent objects
83
what is the iris diaphragm lever?
bent arm attached to the bottom of condenser - adjusts size of iris opening
84
what is the blue filter?
located under iris diaphragm - increases resolution by reducing light wavelength
85
what is the lamp switch?
turns light on/off
86
what is the lamp intensity dial?
adjusts intensity of light produced by lamp
87
what is the lamp?
the light source
88
what is a parfocal microscope?
microscope where if you change from one objective lens to another, the specimen will stay relatively in focus
89
what do you need to do for better contrast at higher magnifications?
increase amount of light passing through specimen - intensity dial, iris diaphragm, condenser adjustmen
90
what orientation are images produced by light microscopes?
upside down and backward
91
what is the relationship between magnification and field of view?
as magnification increases, field of fiew decreases
92
What is the formula for actual image size?
Actual Size = fraction of field occupied x field diameter
93
what is depth of field?
the vertical distance of the object on the slide that remains in focus at each magnification
94
what is the relationship between magnification and depth of field?
as magnification increases, depth of field decreases
95
how do you increase contrast?
1. staining
2. adjusting light intensity
96
what is contrast?
how distinct details are in an image
97
what is resolution?
the clarity/sharpness of an image
98
Why must microscopes not only increase size of an image but also make them sharper?
magnification is NOT valuable without resolution
99
what is the relationship between resolution and the power of the illuminating source?
As illuminating source increases/gets brighter, resolution decreases/micrograph gets blurrier
100
what is resolving power?
minimum distance that two points/lines can be distinguished as separate units, directly related to wavelength of light used to produce image
101
what is the relationship between resolution and wavelength of light?
the shorter the wavelength of light, the better the resolving power, the better the resolution
102
how do you increase resolution in a microscope?
1. blue filter increases resolution by reducing wavelength of light passing through condenser
2. placing a drop of immersion oil and using oil immersion lens
103
why does blue light filter increase resolution?
shorter wavelengths results in diffraction/scattering of light after it passes through specimen
104
why does immersion oil increase resolution?
oil decreases the diffraction of light waves so more enter objective lens
105
what is the naked eye's resolution?
100 micrometres
106
what is the resolving power of the light microscopes?
0.2micrometres with oil, 0.4micrometres without oil
107
