LAB7 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
what is the major function of the cardiovascular system?
A
transportation
2
Q
what happens in the pulmonary circuit?
A
- O2 picked up
- CO2 eliminated
3
Q
what happens in the systemic circuit?
A
oxygenated blood is supplied to all body tissues
4
Q
substance transported from GI tract to all body cells?
A
nutrients
5
Q
substance transported from endocrine glands to specific target tissues?
A
hormones
6
Q
substance transported from various organs to kidneys and other organs?
A
waste
7
Q
substance transported from lymphatic tissues to sites of infection/inflammation?
A
white blood cells
8
Q
what is transported from muscles and various internal organs to the skin?
A
heat
9
Q
which ventricle has thicker walls?
why might this difference exist?
A
- left ventricle
- LV needs to distribute blood to all body tissues
- RV need only to distribute blood to lungs
10
Q
what are arteries?
A
blood vessels that carry blood away from heart
11
Q
what are the properties of capillary beds?
A
- blood vessel walls are very thin
- gases, nutrients, and wastes can diffuse down their respective concentration gradients, moving btwn blood and interstitial fluid
12
Q
what are veins?
A
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
13
Q
why is the blood leaving the ventricles under high pressure?
A
because of the force generated by contractions of cardiac muscles in the myocardium of the heart
14
Q
what does high pressure in arteries allow?
A
high pressure allows blood in arteries to move to capillaries
15
Q
why is blood pressure in vessels lower in the toes than in the trunk?
A
as blood flows further from the heart, the pressure in the vessels decrease
16
Q
what are the mechanisms that allow venous blood to return to the heart?
A
- valves
- skeletal muscle pump
- respiratory pump
17
Q
how do valves help venous blood return to the heart?
A
valves permit blood to flow in only one direction, preventing gravity from making blood flow even further from the heart
18
Q
how does the skeletal muscle pump help venous blood return to the heart?
A
compression of blood vessels by skeletal muscle contractions squeezes the blood towards the heart
19
Q
how does the respiratory pump help venous blood return to the heart?
A
Inhalation: diaphragm contraction compresses abdominal veins, blood moves to decompressed thoracic veins
exhalation: diaphragm relaxation, venous valves prevent backflow of blood in thoracic veins back into the abdominal veins
20
Q
why do arteries have a thicker muscle layer?
A
21
Q
what type of epithelium lines blood vessels?
A
simple squamous epithelium
- diffusion of substances across vessels from blood to tissues must occur
22
Q
what does the cerebral arterial circle supply?
A
supplies blood to the brain
23
Q
what arteries compose the cerebral arterial circle?
A
- anterior cerebral
- posterior cerebral
- anterior communicating
- posterior communicating
24
Q
what is the cerebral arterial circle?
A
circle of willis
- provides alternate pathway for blood to reach brain tissue in case of impaired blood flow
25
what is the blood vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
vertebral artery
26
what organs or structures do the celiac trunk branches supply?
- gallbladder
- duodenum
- pancreas
- stomach
- liver
27
what is the function of valves in peripheral veins?
keep blood flowing towards heart
28
would you expect valves in veins to be visible in a cross-section slide?
29
what is the source of blood in the hepatic portal system?
capillaries of digestive tract and the spleen
pathway: capillaries → portal → liver → normal systemic circulation
30
why is the blood in the hepatic portal vein carried to the liver before it returns to the systemic veins?
- detoxification
- neutralization
- metabolize
31
how does nutrient and gas exchange occur in fetal circulation?
via the placenta, diffusing from mother → fetus
32
what arteries carry deoxygenated waste-laden blood to the placenta?
two umbilical arteries
33
what veins carry oxygen and nutrients to the fetus?
umbilical veins
34
what is the placenta?
where materials diffuse down their concentration gradients from mother → fetus
- attaches umbilical cord of fetus
35
what is the adult structure of the placenta?
afterbirth
36
what are the umbilical arteries?
2 arteries that passes deoxygenated blood from fetus → placenta in umbilical cord
- branches of the internal iliac arteries
37
what is the adult structure of the umbilical arteries?
medial umbilical ligaments
38
what are the umbilical veins?
1 vein that ascends to liver of fetus and divides into 2 branches
- oxygenated blood goes to fetus from placenta via umbilical cord
39
what is the adult structure of the umbilical veins?
ligamentum teres
40
what is the ductus venosus?
- 2nd branch from umbilical vein
- drains/shunts blood to inferior vena cava that otherwise would have went to liver of fetus
41
what is the adult structure of the ductus venosus?
ligamentum venosum
42
what is the foramen ovale?
- opening btwn atria in fetal heart
- allows blood to bypass lungs and directly join systemic circulation of fetus
43
what is the adult structure of the foramen ovale?
fossa ovalis
44
what is the ductus arteriosus?
- connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
- allows blood to bypass lungs
45
what is the adult structure of the ductus arteriosus?
ligamentum arteriosum
46
what is the opening in the fetus's interatrial septum?
the foramen ovale
47
what are the components of the lymphatic system?
- lymphatic plasma
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
48
how are lymphatic capillaries and veins different to blood veins?
- they are thinner walled
- they have more valves
- more permeable than blood capillaries
49
what is the function of lymphatic capillaries and veins?
- to return interstitial fluid to the blood stream
50
what are lymph nodes?
- contains lymphocytes and phagocytic macrophages
- located in scattered groups along lymphatic vessels
- macrophages destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign substances before lymph reenters blood stream
51
what are lacteals?
specialized lymphatic capillaries in small intestines
- carry digestive lipids into lymphatic vessels and into blood
52
what is the thoracic (left lymphatic) duct?
main duct for return of lymph into blood
located on left side of body
- receives lymph from left side of neck, head, chest, body below ribs
- empties into internal jugular and left subclavian veins
53
what is the cisterna chyli?
thick portion of the thoracic (left lymphatic) duct
- origin of thoracic duct
- receives lymph from right, left, and intestinal trunks
54
what is the right lymphatic duct?
lymphatic vessel btwn jugular and subclavian veins on right side of body
- delivers lymph into junction btwn right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
- drains from upper body
55
what is the thymus?
lymphatic organ located in mediastinum btwn sternum and aorta
- has T cells, dendritic cells
- production and maturation of T cells
56
what is the spleen?
lymphatic organ btwn stomach and diaphragm (in LUQ)
- B & T cells carry out immune functions, macrophages
- phagocytosis of ruptured blood cells
57
what are lymphatic nodules (MALT)?
organs scattered in connective tissue of mucus membrane lining of digestive canal, urinary tract, genital tracts
- contains lymphocytes and macrophages
- defends against invading bacteria and other pathogens that enter these passageways along with food, air, urine
58
what are aggregated lymphatic follicles?
- transports antigens and bacteria from intestines
- found in ilium of small intestine
59
what are tonsils?
- An aggregation of large lymphoid nodules embedded in the mucous membrane of the throat
- participate in immune response against inhaled air or ingested foreign substances
60
what are the different tonsils?
- palatine
- lingual
- pharyngeal
- appendix
61
what is the role of bone marrow in the lymphatic system?
- pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow gives rise to mature, immunocompetent B cells and T cells
62
what are lymph nodes?
lymphatic organs
- filters substances that travel through lymphatic fluid
- contains lymphocytes that help body fight infection and disease by immune responses
- macrophages destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis
63
what are the different lymph nodes?
- iliac (pelvis)
- inguinal (femur)
- intestinal (abdomen)
- axillary (armpit)
- submandibular (face)
- cervical (neck)
64
what are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
1. immunity
2. maintenance of fluid balance
3. getting rid of cellular waste
4. protects, drains, and transports dietary lipids
65
what is edema?
swelling due to fluid trapped in tissues
- blood vessels are more permeable and more liquid goes into tissue in edema
66
what causes lymph to be transported into lymph capillaries?
- pressure gradients
- When pressure is greater in the interstitial fluid than in lymph plasma, the cells separate slightly, like the opening of a one-way swinging door
67
what are the 3 mechanisms that cause lymph to move back toward the heart
- valves
- respiratory pump
( inhalation: less volume in abdominal cavity, more pressure;
exhalation: more volume in abdominal cavity, less pressure)
- skeletal muscle pump
68
at what point in the cardiovascular system is lymph returned to blood on the right side?
junction of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
69
at what point in the cardiovascular system is lymph returned to blood on the left side of the body?
junction of left subclavian vein and left
+internal jugular vein
70
how do lymphatic vessels differ from veins that carry blood?
- drains interstitial fluid that collects in tissue
- serves for immune cell trafficking and fat absorption (more permeable to larger molecules than veins)
71
where does hemopoiesis take place during fetal development?
in spleen's red pulp
72
where does hemopoiesis occur in the adult?
red bone marrow in spongy bone of long bones like the femur
73
why is it important to have an abundance of lymph nodules located along the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts?
- they are exposed to the external environment
- they need to be filtered more, more debris, dust, foreign substances in them
- defense mechanism against these foreign and abrasive substances
74
distinguish btwn blood plasma, serum, interstitial fluid, and lymph.
blood plasma- liquid component of blood
serum- liquid remaining after blood has clotted
interstitial fluid - fluid btwn blood vessels and tissue cells, intracellular environment
lymph - fluid that filters against microbes, organic wastes, toxins
75
ascending aorta
_oxygenated_ blood from _heart_ to _aortic arch_
76
aortic arch
_oxygenated_ blood from _ascending aorta_ to _descending aorta_
77
descending aorta
_oxygenated_ blood from _aortic arch_ to _thoracic aorta_
78
thoracic aorta
_oxygenated_ blood from _aortic arch_ to _thoracic organs via visceral and parietal branches_
| ex. esophagus, diaphragm, pericardium, mediastinum, thoracic vertebrae
79
abdominal aorta
_oxygenated_ blood from _thoracic aorta_ to _abdominal organs_
| ex. organs of digestive canal, liver, pancreas, spleen
80
brachiocephalic trunk
_oxygenated_ blood from _aortic arch_ to _right subclavian and common carotid arteries_ to supply _head, neck, upper limb, thoracic wall_
81
common carotid arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _brachiocephalic trunk_ to _external and internal carotid arteries_ to supply _head and neck_
82
celiac trunk
_oxygenated_ blood from _descending aorta_ to _gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries_ to supply _all organs in digestive canal and spleen_
83
common hepatic arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _celiac trunk_ to _proper hepatic, right gastric, and gastroduodenal arteries_ to supply _liver_
84
splenic arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _celiac trunk_ to _pancreatic, short gastric, and left gastroomental arteries_ to supply _spleen, pancreas, and stomach_
85
renal arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _abdominal aorta_ to _kidneys_
86
common iliac arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _abdominal aorta_ to _internal and external iliac arteries_ to supply _pelvic muscle walls, pelvic organs, external genitals, and lower limbs_
87
external carotid arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _common carotid arteries_ to _superficial temporal and maxillary arteries_ to supply _all structures of head except brain_
88
internal carotid arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _common carotid arteries_ to _anterior cerebral arteries_ to supply _eyeball, ears, pituitary gland_
89
vertebral arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _right subclavian artery_ to _basilar artery_ to supply _cerebellum, pons, inner ear_
90
basilar arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _vertebral arteries_ to _posterior cerebral and cerebellar arteries_ to supply _cerebellum, pons, inner ear_
91
anterior cerebral arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _internal carotid arteries_ to _frontal lobe of cerebrum_
92
anterior communicating artery
_oxygenated_ blood from _anterior cerebral arteries_ to _brain tissue_ via cerebral arterial circle
93
posterior communicating arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _internal carotid arteries_ to _posterior cerebral arteries_ to supply _brain tissue_
94
posterior cerebral arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _posterior communicating arteries_ to _brain tissue_ via cerebral arterial circle
95
subclavian arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _aortic arch(left) and brachiocephalic trunk(right)_ to _axillary arteries_ to supply _neck, shoulder, scapular muscles_
96
axillary arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _subclavian arteries_ to _humerus and thoracic, shoulder, and scapular muscles_
97
brachial arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _axillary arteries_ to _radial and ulnar arteries_ to supply _arm muscles, humerus, and elbow joint_
98
radial arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _brachial arteries_ to _muscles of posterior compartment of forearm_
99
ulnar arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _brachial arteries_ to _muscles of anterior compartment of forearm_
100
external iliac arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _common iliac arteries_ to _femoral arteries_ to supply _lower abdominal wall and lower limb_
101
internal iliac arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _common iliac arteries_ to _pelvic muscle wall, pelvic organs, buttocks, medial thigh muscles_
102
femoral arteries
_oxygenated_ blood from _external iliac arteries_ to _popliteal arteries_ to supply _thigh muscles, femur, and knee joint_
103
superior vena cava
_deoxygenated_ blood from _brachiocephalic veins_ to _right atrium_ to drain _head, neck, upper limbs, and thorax_
104
brachiocephalic veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _subclavian and internal jugular veins_ to _superior vena cava_ to drain _ head, neck, upper limbs_
105
internal jugular veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _face, brain, neck, and head_ to _brachiocephalic veins_
106
external jugular veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _scalp, pharynx, and skin of head and neck_ to _subclavian veins_
107
inferior vena cava
_deoxygenated_ blood from _common iliac veins_ to _right atrium_ to drain _abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs_
108
renal veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _kidneys_ to _inferior vena cava_
109
splenic veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _spleen, stomach, pancreas_ to _hepatic portal vein_
110
hepatic veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _liver_ to _inferior vena cava_
111
hepatic portal vein
_deoxygenated_ blood from _splenic, superior mesenteric, gastric veins_ to _liver and hepatic veins_ to drain _spleen, and digestive canal organs_
112
subclavian veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _axillary veins_ to _brachiocephalic veins_ to drain _skin and muscles of neck, arms, shoulders, and superior thoracic wall_
113
axillary veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _brachial and basilic veins_ to _subclavian veins_ to drain _skin and muscles of arm, axilla, shoulder, and superolateral chest wall_
114
cephalic veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _lateral aspect of upper limb_ to _axillary veins_
115
basilic veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _medial aspect of upper limbs_ to _axillary veins_
116
brachial veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _radial and ulnar veins_ to _axillary veins_ to drain _muscles and bones of elbow and brachial regions_
117
ulnar veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _muscles, bones, and skin of hand, and muscles of medial aspect of forearms_ to _brachial veins_
118
radial veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _muscles, bones, and skin of hand, and muscles of lateral aspect of forearms_ to _brachial veins_
119
common iliac veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _internal and external iliac veins_ to _inferior vena cava_
120
external iliac veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _femoral veins_ to _common iliac veins_ to drain _external genitals, lower limb, and lower abdominal wall anteriorly_
121
internal iliac veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _external genitals, pelvic viscera, muscles of pelvic wall and gluteal region_ to _common iliac veins_
122
femoral veins
_deoxygenated_ blood from _popliteal veins_ to _external iliac veins_ to drain _skin, lymph nodes, muscles, and bones of thigh_
123
great saphenous vein
_deoxygenated_ blood from _integumentary tissues and superficial muscles of lower limbs, groin, and lower abdominal wall_ to _femoral veins_
124
thoracic duct
_lymph plasma_ from _left side of head, neck, chest, left arm, entire body below ribs_ to _junction between internal jugular and left subclavian veins_
125
cisterna chyli
_lymph plasma_ from _right and left lumbar trunks_ to _thoracic duct_
126
right lymphatic duct
_lymph plasma_ from _upper right side of body_ to _right subclavian vein_
