LAB5 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
occipitofrontalis frontal belly
A
draws scalp anteriorly
2
Q
occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)
A
draws scalp posteriorly
3
Q
orbicularis oculi
A
closes the eye
4
Q
orbicularis oris
A
shapes lips during speech
5
Q
platysma
A
depresses the mandible
6
Q
masseter
A
elevates the mandible
7
Q
temporalis
A
elevates the mandible; retracts it too
8
Q
sternocleidomastoid
A
extends the head at the atlanto-occipital joints
9
Q
external abdominal oblique
A
flexes the vertebral column (both)
laterally flexes the vertebral column (singly)
10
Q
internal abdominal oblique
A
flexes the vertebral column (both)
laterally flexes the vertebral column (singly)
11
Q
rectus abdominis
A
flexes the vertebral column
12
Q
transversus abdominis
A
compresses the abdomen
13
Q
diaphragm
A
changes vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity (contraction & relaxation - inhalation & exhalation)
14
Q
serratus anterior
A
abducts the scapula; rotates it upward too
15
Q
trapezius
A
stabilizes the scapula; middle fibers adduct the scapula
16
Q
biceps brachii
A
flexes the forearm at the elbow joint;
supinates forearm at radioulnar joints;
flexes arm at the shoulder joint
17
Q
brachioradialis
A
flexes the forearm at the elbow joint
18
Q
deltoid
A
abducts the arm at the shoulder joint
19
Q
latissimus dorsi
A
extends the arm at the shoulder joint:
adducts and medially rotates it too
20
Q
pectoralis major
A
adducts the arm at the shoulder joint;
medially rotates it too
21
Q
triceps brachii
A
extends the forearm at the elbow joint;
extends the arm at the shoulder joint
22
Q
biceps femoris
A
extends thigh at hip joint
23
Q
semitendinosus
A
extends thigh at hip joint
24
Q
semimembranosus
A
extends thigh at hip joint;
flexes leg at knee joint
25
gastrocnemius
flexes leg at knee joint;
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint
26
gluteus maximus
extends leg at hip joint;
laterally rotates leg at hip joint
27
gluteus medius
abducts the thigh at hip joint
28
quadriceps femoris
extends leg at knee joint
29
vastus lateralis
extends leg at knee joint
30
vastus medialis
extends leg at knee joint
31
vastus intermedius
extends leg at knee joint
32
rectus femoris
flexes thigh at hip joint;
flexes leg at knee joint
33
soleus
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint
34
tibialis anterior
dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint;
inverts foot at intertarsal joints
35
gracilis
adducts thigh at hip joint;
flexes leg at knee joint
36
what bones consist the pectoral girdle?
- scapula
- clavicle
37
what is the scapula's acromion?
flattened, expanded **process** that articulates with clavicle's acromial end
forms **acromioclavicular joint**
38
what is the scapula's coracoid process?
lateral end of scapula's superior border, attachment point for tendons and ligaments
39
what is the scapula's spine?
prominent ridge that runs diagonally across scapula's posterior surface
40
what is the scapula's glenoid cavity?
cavity that articules with humerus's head
forms **glenohumeral joint**
41
what is the clavicle's sternal end?
rounded, articulates with sternum's manubrium to form **sternoclavicular joint**
42
what is the humerus's head?
head that articulates with scapula's glenoid cavity to form **glenohumeral joint**
43
what is the ulna's head?
head at distal end (near wrist) that is separated from wrist with a disc of fibrocartilage
44
what is the ulna's olecranon?
process at proximal end of ulna that allows articulation between ulna and humerus
45
what is the radius's head?
head at proximal end of radius that articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
46
what are the carpals?
proximal region of hand, 8 bones
47
what are the metacarpals?
intermediate region of hand, 5 bones
48
what are the hand's phalanges?
distal end of hand, bones of digits, 14 phalanges
I - thumb
V - pinky
49
what bones form the pelvic girdle?
two coxal(hip) bones
50
what is the function of the pelvic girdle?
connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
51
what is the function of the pectoral girdle?
connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
52
what bones form the pelvis?
- the coxal bones
- sacrum
- coccyx
53
what are the three bones that form each coxal bone?
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
54
what is the acetabulum?
socket formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the **hip joint**
55
what is the ilium's iliac crest?
super border of ilium, ends anteriorly by anterior iliac spine
56
what is the ilium's greater sciatic notch?
notch where sciatic nerves pass
57
what is the sacroiliac joint?
articulation of sacrum and ilium
58
what is the ischium?
bone one sits on, inferior posterior portion of coxal bone
59
what is the ilium?
superior portion of coxal bone
60
what is the pubis?
inferior, anterior portion of coxal bone
61
what is the obturator foramen?
largest foramen in the skeleton, nearly completely closed by fibrous obturator membrane
62
what is the pubis's pubic arch?
arch formed by converge of inferior rami of pubis and the two pubic bones
63
what is the pubic symphysis?
cartilaginous joint made of fibrocartilage between the two pubis bones
64
what is the femur's head?
head of femur that articulates with the coxal bone's acetabulum to form the **hip joint**
65
what is the femur's neck?
constricted region distal to the femur's head
66
what is the patella?
small, sesamoid bone anterior to the knee joint
increases leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris
67
what is the tibial tuberosity?
point of attachment for patellar ligament on tibia's anterior surface
68
what is the tibia's medial malleolus?
prominence on medial surface of leg that articulates with the talus
69
what is the fibula?
bone lateral to tibia that stabilizes ankle joint and articulates with tibia at fibular notch to form the **distal tibiofibular joint**
70
what are the tarsals?
proximal region of foot, 7 bones
71
what is the talus?
ankle bone that articulates with tibia and fibula to form the **ankle joint**
72
what is the calcaneus?
strongest tarsal bone located at the heel/posterior part of feet
73
what are the metatarsals?
bones on the feet that articulate proximally with tarsals and distally with the phalanges
74
what are the feet's phalanges?
distal end of feet, bones of digits, 14 phalanges
75
how is the **pubic arch** different btwn males and females?
males: <90°
females: >90°
76
how is the **obturator foramen** different btwn males and females?
males: round
females: oval
77
how is the **pelvic inlet** different btwn males and females?
males: narrow, heart shaped
females: wide, more oval shaped
78
how is the **composition of bone** different btwn males and females?
males: harder and denser
females: lighter and less dense
79
how is the **greater sciatic notch** different btwn males and females?
males: ~70°, inverted V
females: ~90°
80
what are articulations?
points of contact btwn bone and another bone, cartilage, or tooth
81
what are the three structural types of joints?
1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial
82
what are fibrous joints?
articulations held together by **dense irregular connective tissue**, have no synovial cavity, and exhibit **little to no movement**
83
what are the classifications for fibrous joints?
- sutures
- syndesmoses
84
what are sutures?
- articulations found only between skull bones
- thin layer of connective tissue between them
- immovable
85
what are synostoses?
sutures that fused into a bony joint
86
what is a syndesmosis?
- articulations with structures farther apart than in sutures
- **dense irregular connective tissue**
87
what are the classifications of syndesmoses?
- interosseous ligaments
- interosseous membranes
- gomphoses
88
what are interosseous ligaments?
- found between distal ends of tibia and fibula
- permits **slight movement**
89
what are interosseous membranes?
- sheet of **dense irregular connective tissue**
- occur between tibia and fibula
- found between ulna and radius
- permits **slight movement**
90
what is a gomphosis?
- permits small **shock-absorbing movements**
- found between roots of teeth and their sockets in mandible and maxillae
91
what are cartilaginous joints?
joints that unite two structures with hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
92
what is a synchondrosis?
- joint composed of a solid piece of cartilage that connects two bones
- connected by a thin layer of hyaline or fibrocartilage
- allows **little to no movement**
93
what type of joints are epiphyseal cartilages?
synchondroses
- immovable
- ossifies and becomes synostoses as a child ages
94
what is a symphysis?
ends of articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage with a disc of **fibrocartilage** between them
- slightly movable because of collagen fibres in fibrocartilage
95
what are examples of symphyses?
- pubic symphysis
- intervertebral discs
- manubrium and body of sternum
96
what are synovial joints?
joints with a synovial cavity between articulating bones
- articulating surfaces of bones are covered by **hyaline cartilage**
- two layers enclose the cavity
- outer fibrous membrane
- inner synovial membrane
97
what is the function of synovial fluid?
- lubricates joints, reducing friction
- absorbs shocks
- contains phagocytic cells that remove microbes and debris due to wear and tear at joints
98
what are the two types of joints that can form synostoses?
- sutures
- epiphyseal cartilages
99
what are the four main categories of movement at synovial joints?
- gliding
- angular
- rotation
- special movements
100
gliding
flat bone surfaces move:
- side to side
- back and forth
101
joints that can glide?
- intercarpal joints
- intertarsal joints
102
flexion
decreases angle between articulating bones
103
extension
increases angle between articulating bones
104
lateral flexion
decreases angle between articulating bones along the coronal plane
105
joints that can laterally flex?
intervertebral joints
106
abduction
movement of bone away from midline
107
adduction
movement of bone toward midline
108
circumduction
movement of distal end of a body part in a circle
109
rotation
bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
110
medial rotation
anterior surface of limb bone is turned toward midline
111
lateral rotation
anterior surface of limb bone is turned away from midline
112
elevation
superior movement of body part
113
depression
inferior movement of body part
114
dorsiflexion
bending of foot at ankle joint in direction of dorsum
115
plantar flexion
bending of foot at ankle joint in direction of plantar/inferior surface
116
supination
movement of forearm at proximal and distal radioulnar joints, radius and ulna parallel, palm turned anteriorly
117
pronation
movement of forearm at proximal and distal radioulnar joints, radius distal end crosses over ulna distal end, palm turned posteriorly
118
what are the types of synovial joints?
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- saddle
- ellipsoid
- ball-and-socket
119
what is the movement that occurs at a synovial joint dependent on?
supporting ligaments and muscles and on the shape of the articulating bones
120
what are monaxial/uniaxial joints?
joints limited to movements around one axis
121
what are biaxial joints?
joints limited to movements around two axes at right angles to each other
122
what are triaxial/multiaxial joints?
joints capable of movement around three axes
123
what are plane joints?
joints with flat or slightly curved articulating bones which permit **gliding movements**
- biaxial
- acromioclavicular joint
- intertarsal joints
- intercarpal joints
124
what are hinge joints?
joints where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
- uniaxial
- humerus-ulna joint
- interphalangeal joints
125
what are pivot joints?
one bone rotates around its own long axis
- monaxial
- radius-ulna joint
- atlanto-axial joint
126
what are ellipsoid joints?
oval shaped depression of one bone and the oval shaped projection of the other fit together
- biaxial
- radius and carpal bones
- between metatarsals and phalanges
127
what are saddle joints?
concave surface of one bits fits over the convex surface of another
- biaxial
- allows more movement than an ellipsoid joint
- btwn metacarpal of thumb and its carpal
- manubrium-sternum-clavicle joint
128
what are ball-and-socket joints?
ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cup-shaped depression of the other bone
- triaxial
- hip joint
- shoulder joint
129
what are some functions of skeletal muscles?
- producing body movements
- thermogenesis
- storing and moving substances within body
130
what is the origin?
bone a joint is attached to that remains stationary
131
what is the insertion?
bone a joint is attached to that moves toward the origin, generating the action
132
what is the insertion for muscles that cause facial expressions?
the skin
133
which muscles whose aponeuroses form the linea alba?
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transversus abdominis
134
what is the linea alba?
- tough fibrous band extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
- stretches to increase distance between rectus abdominis muscles in latter stages of pregnancy
135
what type of connective tissue forms the linea alba?
fibrous connective tissue
136
what layer of bone does a tendon attach to?
periosteum
137
what are muscles of the abdomen? list from deep to superficial
- transversus
- internal
- external
- rectus
138
what are muscles that act on mouth for facial expressions?
- occipitofrontalis
- orbicularis oculi
- masseter
