LAB2. Cytology

Question 1

Cell came from comes from the Latin word __________ which means small rooms

Answer 1

cella

Question 2

Unit of structure and function of living things

Answer 2

Cell

Question 3

3 basic parts of eukaryotic cell:

Answer 3

1. Cell/plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm/Protoplasm
3. Nucleus

Question 4

it is where genetic information is stored which is marked by the presence of DNA

Answer 4

Chromosome

Question 5

cell structure that surrounds the nucleus

Answer 5

Nuclear membrane

Question 6

spherical in shape, it is only present when the cell is not actively dividing

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

it contains RNA which is needed for protein synthesis

Answer 7

Nucleolus

Question 8

these are cylindrical pairs of organelles located near the nucleus which are composed of 9 tubes and 3 tubules

Answer 8

Centrioles

Question 9

cell structures normally found in plant cells, it contains green chlorophyll

Answer 9

Chloroplasts

Question 10

composed of microtubules, it supports the cell by providing shape and structure

Answer 10

Cytoskeleton

Question 11

serving as the cell’s transport system, it is classified into two types according to
the presence and absence of ribosomes

Answer 11

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

2 types of ER

Answer 12

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

Type of ER – absence of ribosomes

Answer 13

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

Type of ER - presence of ribosomes

Answer 14

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

flattened structures/membrane located near the nucleus, temporary storage of protein synthesized

Answer 15

Golgi apparatus

Question 16

these are membrane-bound sacs that function for storage, digestion and waste removal

Answer 16

Vacuoles

Question 17

sac-like structures that are responsible for the removal and/or transport of undigested materials

contain digestive enzymes for breaking down of proteins, lipids and NA, also
involved in the removal of waste molecules, as well as recycling of molecular subunits

Answer 17

Lysosome

Question 18

rod-shaped organelles, “powerhouse”,

where energy producing chemical reaction takes place (site of ATP
synthesis)

it recycles and decomposes proteins, fats and carbohydrates while forming
urea

Answer 18

Mitochondria

Question 19

composed of RNA and proteins, “cell factories”, responsible for the synthesis of
protein molecules

Answer 19

Ribosomes

Question 20

2 types of Ribosomes

Answer 20

1. Stationary Ribosomes
2. Mobile Ribosomes

Question 21

Ribosomes classified according to their location

__________ these are embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

Stationary ribosomes

Question 22

Ribosomes classified according to their location

__________ these are found directly in the cytoplasm

Answer 22

Mobile ribosomes

Question 23

fluid matrix, semisolid in nature, found within the cell, but outside the nucleus,
where all the organelles are suspended

Answer 23

Cytoplasm/Protoplasm/Cytosol

Question 24

complex, highly organized structure that defines the shape of the plant cell (fungi, algae and even bacteria)

it controls turgidity

Answer 24

Cell wall

Question 25

it is the outer membrane of cells that controls cellular traffic it contains proteins that are surrounded by a phospholipid layer

Answer 25

Cell/Cytoplasmic/Plasma membrane

Question 26

What are the differences between an animal cell and a plant cell?

Answer 26

1. Cell Wall: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, providing structural support and protection. Animal cells lack a cell wall and instead have a flexible cell membrane. 2. Chloroplasts: Plant cells contain chloroplasts, specialized organelles that facilitate photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which enables plants to convert sunlight into energy. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. 3. Vacuoles: Plant cells typically have a large central vacuole that occupies a significant portion of the cell's interior. The vacuole helps maintain cell shape, store water, nutrients, and waste products, and contributes to turgor pressure. Animal cells may have small vacuoles, but they are generally less prominent. 4. Shape and Size: Animal cells come in various shapes and sizes depending on their function. They can be round, irregular, or elongated. Plant cells tend to have a fixed shape due to the rigid cell wall, and they are often rectangular or square-shaped. 5. Lysosomes: Animal cells commonly contain lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles involved in intracellular digestion and waste removal. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down various substances. Plant cells typically have fewer lysosomes or may lack them altogether.

Question 27

__________ is a fundamental concept in biology that describes the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

Answer 27

Cell theory

Question 28

Cell Theory Principles (3)

Answer 28

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.

Question 29

The cell theory is credited to three key scientists:

Answer 29

Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881): Schleiden, a German botanist, contributed to the cell theory by observing plant tissues under a microscope. In 1838, he concluded that plants are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of plant structure. Theodor Schwann (1810-1882): Schwann, a German physiologist, made significant contributions to the cell theory through his research on animal tissues. In 1839, he concluded that animal tissues are also composed of cells, extending the cell theory beyond plants. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902): Virchow, a German physician and pathologist, added another important principle to the cell theory. In 1855, he proposed that cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division. This concept, known as the principle of biogenesis, completed the cell theory by explaining the origin and continuity of cells.

Question 30

__________ is the principle or concept that living organisms can only arise from pre-existing living organisms.

Answer 30

Biogenesis

Question 31

Principle behind biogenesis

Answer 31

The principle of biogenesis states that life can only be produced by other living organisms through processes such as reproduction or cell division. This principle is a fundamental aspect of modern biology and is supported by extensive experimental evidence.

Question 31

Who is the person who coined the term biogenesis?

Answer 31

Henry Charlton Bastian

Question 32

__________ belief that living organisms could arise spontaneously from non-living matter.

Answer 32

Theory of Spontaneous Generation