LEC4A. Cells Flashcards
1
Q
the cell is the basic unit of structure & function because it demonstrates all qualities of life processes
it is the simplest collection of matter that can live
A
Cell
2
Q
Father of Microscopy
A
Anton van Leeuwenhook (1632)
3
Q
Who invented lens
A
Zaccharias & Hans Janssen (1590)
4
Q
He discovered cells (Micrographia)
A
Robert Hooke (1665)
5
Q
German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory
“All plants are made of cells.”
A
Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1839)
6
Q
a German zoologist and co-founder of the cell theory
“All animals are made of cells.”
A
Theodor Schwann (1839)
7
Q
a German physician and co-founder of the cell theory
proposed biogenesis stated that all living cells arise from pre-existing living cells, that there is no spontaneous creation of cells from nonliving matter.
A
Rudolf Virchow (1858)
8
Q
Classic Cell Theory (3)
A
- All living things are made up of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells
9
Q
Modern Cell Theory (6)
A
- Cells make up all life.
- Cells are functional and structural units.
- Cells are formed by division.
- Cells contain hereditary information.
- Cells are chemically the same
- Energy flow occurs within cells
10
Q
Cell Wall Functions
A
- protects the plant cells,
- maintain its shape &
- prevents excessive uptake of water
11
Q
Present both in plant and animal cell
Covers and protect the cell
Facilitate substance transport
Maintain the shape of the cell
A
Cell Membrane
12
Q
Present both in plant and animal cell
Contains the endomembrane system that regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions
A
Protoplasm
13
Q
Information or Control Center of the cell
Houses the genetic information
A
NUCLEUS
14
Q
2 parts of nucleus
A
- Nuclear Envelope -2 layers with pore complexes
- Chromosomes – discrete unit of DNA
15
Q
Biosynthetic Highway
Transports protein to other parts of the cell
A
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
16
Q
2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- Smooth ER – synthesize lipids, store Ca+ & detoxify poison
- Rough ER – make secretory protein, membrane factory &
synthesize phospholipid
17
Q
Shipping & Receiving Center
Modifies & packages proteins
A
GOLGI APPARATUS
18
Q
Powerhouse
For cellular respiration that produces ATP
A
MITOCHONDRIA
19
Q
Protein Factory
Synthesizes proteins
A
RIBOSOMES
20
Q
2 types of ribosomes
A
- Free Ribosomes – suspended in the cytoplasm
- Bound Ribosomes – attached to ER & n. envelope
21
Q
Digestive Compartment
Contains hydrolytic enzyme that digests excess or worn out organelles
a. Autodigestion – cell destruction
b. Phagocytosis –phagein (to eat) & kytos (vessel)
c. Autophagy – cell repair
A
LYSOSOMES
22
Q
Oxidation
Converts fatty acids to smaller substances & produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product
A
PEROXISOME
23
Q
Responsible for cell motility, maintain shape, gives support and regulate biochemical activities
A
CYTOSKELETON
24
Q
3 types of Cytoskeleton
A
- Microtubules
- Intermediate Filament
- Microfilament
25
Capture Light Energy
Contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, that captures light necessary for photosynthesis
CHLOROPLASTS
26
Green pigment in plants
27
Contents of Chloroplasts
1. thylakoids → membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs
2. granum → stacks of thylakoid
3. stroma → fluid outside the thylakoids
28
Diverse Membrane Compartment
Holds organic and inorganic compounds
VACUOLES
29
3 Types of vacuoles
1. Food vacuoles → formed by phagocytosis
2. Contractile vacuoles → pumps excess water out of the cell
3. Central vacuoles (Plant Cells only) → its membrane is selective in transporting solutes
30
Essential for the proper functioning of cells and tissues. They help to maintain the integrity of the tissues, to anchor the cells together, and to allow the cells to communicate with each other.
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
31
4 Types of Intercellular functions
1. Tight junctions
2. Adherens junctions
3. Desmosomes
4. Gap junctions
32
2 types of cells
1. Prokaryotic cells
2. Eukaryotic cells
33
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
1. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
2. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles
3. Prokaryotic cells are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
4. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is circular, while the DNA in eukaryotic cells is linear.
5. Prokaryotic cells have a single chromosome, while eukaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes.
34
In prokaryotes, these are DNA molecules containing the organism’s genome.
In eukaryotes, these are DNA molecule complexed with RNA and proteins to form a threadlike structure containing genetic information arranged in a linear sequence.
Chromosomes
35
two main sections of a chromosome
Arm
36
two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere.
Sister chromatids
37
constricted region of the chromosome that joins the two sister chromatids together.
Centromere
38
protein complex that helps to keep the two sister chromatids together.
Cohesin
39
4 Locations of Centromere
1. Metacentric Chromosomes
2. Submetacentric Chromosomes
3. Acrocentric Chromosomes
4. Telocentric Chromosomes
40
It has a centromere in the center, such that both sections are EQUAL LENGTH
Metacentric Chromosomes
41
It has a centromere SLIGHTLY OFFSET from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the two sections
Submetacentric Chromosomes
42
It has a centromere which is SEVERELY OFFSET from the center leading to one very long and one very short section.
Acrocentric Chromosomes
43
It has a centromere at the very end of the chromosome.
Telocentric Chromosomes
44
The Cell Cycle (4)
1. G1 Phase (first gap)
2. S Phase (synthesis)
3. G2 Phase (2nd gap)
4. M Phase (mitosis)
45
The time it takes for a cell to complete one cycle of growth and division. How many hours is cell growth?
4-6 hours
46
Chromosomes are duplicated in how many hours?
10-12 hours
47
How many hours cell growth occurs in preparation for cell division?
5-6 hours
48
Division of nucleus to form 2 genetically identical daughter nucleus with diploid number of chromosomes
Mitosis
49
The Key Roles of Cell Division (3)
1. For unicellular organisms’ reproduction = binary fission
2. For multicellular organisms to grow & develop
3. For cell renewal and repair
50
__________ is the longest phase of the cell cycle, and it is divided into three stages: G1, S, and G2.
Interphase
51
What happens during Interphase? (4)
1. Centrioles duplicate
2. Nuclear envelope is intact
3. Nucleus still present
4. Chromosomes duplicate
52
4 phases of mitosis
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
53
First phase of mitosis. Chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, formation of the mitotic spindle
Prophase
54
1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form mitotic spindle
2. Nucleolus absent
3. Chromosomes condense & form sister chromatids
4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
PROPHASE
55
1. Kinetochore microtubules attach at the kinetochore
2. Nuclear envelope is absent
3. Sister chromatids align at metaphase plate
4. Centrioles at opposite poles
METAPHASE
56
1. Kinetochore microtubules pull chromosome strands to the opposite poles
2. Cohesion dissolved causing sister chromatids to part
ANAPHASE
57
1. Nucleolus reforming
2. Cytokinesis
3. Nuclear envelope starts to form
4. Chromosomes less dense
TELOPHASE
58
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed
Metaphase
59
Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle
Anaphase
60
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides
61
Division of the nucleus to form 4 genetically unidentical daughter nucleus with haploid number of chromosomes
Meiosis
62
Separates homologous chromosomes
Meiosis I
63
Separates sister chromatids
Meiosis II
64
__________ is the first and longest stage of meiosis
Prophase 1
65
Sub-stages of Meiosis (5)
1. Leptotene
2. Zygotene
3. Pachytene
4. Diplotene
5. Diakinesis
66
1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
2. Nucleolus absent
3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
67
Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)
Synapsis
68
Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs
Crossing-Over
69
Chromosomes appeared w/in the nuclear envelope but are NOT yet fully condensed.
The chromosomes start to condense and become visible.
Leptotene
70
Synapsis occurs wherein homologs begin to unite by coming into approximate alignment. Once the homolog pairs synapse they are called tetrads (Gk. Tetra = four) or bivalents.
Homologous chromosomes pair up and form synaptonemal complexes.
Zygotene
71
2 sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from each other making them look thicker. Crossing-over occurs wherein non-sister chromatids exchange DNA between them.
Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
Pachytene
72
Fused non-sister chromatids begin to separate from each other by the movement of the chiasma (pl. chiasmata) toward the ends of the chromatids. This process of sliding toward the ends is known as terminalization.
The synaptonemal complexes break down, but the homologous chromosomes remain attached at chiasmata.
Diplotene
73
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed
Metaphase
73
Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle
Anaphase
74
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides
75
1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
2. Nucleolus absent
3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
75
Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)
Synapsis
76
Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs
Crossing-Over
77
Fused non-sister chromatids begin to separate from each other by the movement of the chiasma (pl. chiasmata) toward the ends of the chromatids. This process of sliding toward the ends is known as terminalization.
The synaptonemal complexes break down, but the homologous chromosomes remain attached at chiasmata.
78
The point of contact between two homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
chiasma (plural chiasmata)
79
The chromosomes continue to condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down
Diakinesis
80
1. Centrioles at opposite poles
2. Nuclear envelope is absent
3. Homologs align at metaphase plate
4. Kinetochore microtubules attach at the kinetochore
METAPHASE 1 & 2
81
1. Kinetochore microtubules pull chromosome strands to the opposite poles
2. Synaptonemal complex dissolved causing homologs to part
ANAPHASE 1 & 2
82
1. Nucleolus reforming
2. Nuclear envelope starts to form
3. Cytokinesis begins
4. Chromosomes less dense
TELOPHASE 1 & 2
83
84
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed
Metaphase
85
Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle
Anaphase
86
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides
87
Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)
Synapsis
87
What happens during PROPHASE 1? (4)
1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
2. Nucleolus absent
3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
87
Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs
Crossing-Over
88
division of the nucleus
karyokinesis
89
division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
90
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides
Telophase
90
What happens during PROPHASE 1? (4)
1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
2. Nucleolus absent
3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
90
Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs
Crossing-Over
90
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed
Metaphase
90
Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)
Synapsis
90
Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle
Anaphase
91
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides
Telophase
91
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed
Metaphase
91
Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)
Synapsis
92
1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
2. Nucleolus absent
3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
PROPHASE 1 & 2
92
Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle
Anaphase
92
Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs
Crossing-Over
93
__________ is the process by which haploid spermatozoa (sperm cells) develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
Spermatogenesis
94
__________ is the process by which haploid ova (egg cells) develop from oogonia in the ovaries of female mammals.
Oogenesis
95
Three Events Unique to Meiosis
1. Synapsis & Crossing Over
2. Homologs on the Metaphase Plate
3. Separation of Homologs
96
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed
Metaphase
97
Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle
Anaphase
97
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides
Telophase
98
1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
2. Nucleolus absent
3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
PROPHASE 1 & 2
98
Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)
Synapsis
99
Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs
Crossing-Over
