LEC2. Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization

Question 1

__________ is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms of the world

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

Give 3 reasons why we classify things?

Answer 2

1. Organize
2. Categorize
3. Order

Question 3

Swedish biologist who established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms.

He developed a Hierarchy (a ranking system) for classifying organisms that is the Basis for Modern Taxonomy.

For this reason, he is considered to be “father” of modern taxonomy.

Answer 3

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 4

__________ is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences.

Answer 4

Nomenclature

Question 5

__________ is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.

Answer 5

Binomial nomenclature

Question 6

The FIRST word of the Scientific Name. It refers to the relatively small group of organisms to which a particular type of organism belongs.

Answer 6

Genus name

Question 7

The SECOND word of the Scientific Name. It is usually a Latin description of some important characteristic of the organism.

Answer 7

Species identifier

Question 8

Names were based on __________ words - scientist everywhere understood these languages.

Answer 8

Latin or Ancient Greek words

Question 9

Rules for Writing Scientific Names

Answer 9

1. The FIRST word of the Scientific Name is the name of the genus to which the organism belongs. The SECOND word of the name is the species.
2. When we use the Latin name for an organism, we ALWAYS capitalize the
   Genus (first part) but NOT the species identifier (second part).
3. We also print the name in Italics or Underline them when handwritten.
4. For identifying several species, spp is witten but not italicized: Canis spp.
5. Genus and species are underlined separately

Question 10

Organisms were first classified more than 2,000 years ago by the Greek philosopher __________

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

Aristotle’s 3 groups of organisms:

Answer 11

1. land dwellers
2. water dwellers
3. air dwellers

Question 12

True or False:

Aristotle’s classification of plants has three categories based on the differences in their stems.

Answer 12

TRUE

Aristotle divided plants into three categories based on the differences in their stems: trees, shrubs, and herbs.

Question 13

As new organism’s were discovered, Aristotle’s system became inadequate because of:

Answer 13

1. Categories were not specific enough.
2. Common names did not describe a species accurately.
3. Names were long and hard to remember.

Question 14

__________ is a system that organizes the tremendous diversity of organisms into a phylogenetic tree.

It represents a hypothesis that is based on lines of evidences such as the fossil record, morphology, embryological patterns of development, and chromosomes and macromolecules

Answer 14

Systematics

Question 15

__________ is a family tree that’s shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist between organisms.

Answer 15

Phylogenetic tree

Question 16

(4) The construction of phylogenetic trees involves the analysis of various lines of evidence, which include:

Answer 16

1. Fossil Record
2. Morphology
3. Embryological Patterns of Development
4. Chromosomes and macromolecules

Question 17

The __________ often provides clues to evolutionary relationships

It cannot be read like a story book because some __________ are incomplete

Systematic taxonomists consider other evidence to confirm information contained within the __________ with other lines of evidence.

Answer 17

Fossil Record

Question 18

TRUE OR FALSE

The fossil record often provides clues to evolutionary relationships.

Answer 18

True. The fossil record is a record of past life, and it can be used to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Question 19

TRUE OR FALSE

The fossil record is a complete record of all life that has ever existed.

Answer 19

False. The fossil record is incomplete, and it is likely that many organisms have never been fossilized.

Question 20

TRUE OR FALSE

Systematic taxonomists can use the fossil record to infer the exact evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Answer 20

False. The fossil record is often incomplete, and it can be difficult to interpret. This means that systematic taxonomists cannot always infer the exact evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Question 21

Taxonomists use __________, the study of the physical form and structure of organisms, to classify and identify organisms

Answer 21

Morphology

Question 22

__________ are structures that share a common origin. It can provide clues about the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Answer 22

Homologous features

Question 23

__________ are structures that have similar functions but have different origins.

Answer 23

Analogous features

Question 24

TRUE OR FALSE

Taxonomists study an organism’s morphology and compare it to other living organisms.

Answer 24

True. Morphology is the study of the physical form and structure of organisms. Taxonomists use morphology to classify and identify organisms.

Question 25

TRUE OR FALSE Homologous features are important but it is important to separate features that are truly homologous with those that seem homologous but are actually analogous.

Answer 25

True. Homologous features are structures that share a common origin, while analogous features are structures that have similar functions but have different origins. It is important to be able to distinguish between homologous and analogous features in order to make accurate inferences about evolutionary relationships.

Question 26

TRUE OR FALSE The more analogous features two organisms share, the more closely related they are thought to be.

Answer 26

False. The more analogous features two organisms share, the less closely related they are thought to be. This is because analogous features are not inherited from a common ancestor.

Question 27

__________ are the similarities in the way that embryos of different organisms develop. They can be used to identify shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships.

Answer 27

Embryological Patterns of Develepoment

Question 28

TRUE OR FALSE Early pattern in embryological development do not provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships.

Answer 28

False. The early stages of development of embryos of different species are often very similar. This suggests that all living things share a common ancestor. However, there are also some important differences in early development, which can be used to infer evolutionary relationships. For example, the embryos of birds and mammals have different patterns of blood vessels, which suggests that they diverged from a common ancestor early in their evolutionary history.

Question 29

TRUE OR FALSE Taxonomists use comparisons of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins as a kind of “molecular clock”.

Answer 29

True. Taxonomists use comparisons of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins to infer evolutionary relationships. The more similar the macromolecules, chromosomes, and karyotypes of two species, the more closely related they are thought to be. This is because these molecules, chromosomes, and karyotypes are inherited from a common ancestor.

Question 30

TRUE OR FALSE Scientists do not compare amino acid sequences for homologous protein molecules of different species.

Answer 30

False. Scientists compare amino acid sequences for homologous protein molecules of different species. The more similar the amino acid sequences, the more closely related the species are thought to be. This is because homologous proteins are descended from a common ancestor.

Question 31

TRUE OR FALSE The number of amino acid differences is not a clue to how long ago two species diverged from a shared evolutionary ancestor.

Answer 31

True. The number of amino acid differences can be used to estimate how long ago two species diverged from a shared evolutionary ancestor. However, it is important to note that there are other factors that can also affect the number of amino acid differences between two species, such as natural selection and genetic drift.

Question 32

TRUE OR FALSE Biologists do not also compare the karyotypes or patterns of chromosomes of two related species.

Answer 32

False. Biologists also compare the karyotypes or patterns of chromosomes of two related species. The more similar the karyotypes, the more closely related the species are thought to be. This is because chromosomes are inherited from a common ancestor.

Question 33

TRUE OR FALSE Regions of chromosomes that have the same pattern of banding are not clues to the relatedness of organisms.

Answer 33

False. Regions of chromosomes that have the same pattern of banding are clues to the relatedness of organisms. This is because the banding patterns are determined by the genes that are located in those regions.

Question 34

TRUE OR FALSE The chromosomes of humans and chimpanzees show a surprising degree of similarity.

Answer 34

True. The chromosomes of humans and chimpanzees show a surprising degree of similarity. This is because humans and chimpanzees share a very recent common ancestor.

Question 35

__________ is a system of taxonomy that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on similarities. It is used to determine the sequence in which different groups of organisms evolved. To do this, it focuses on a set of unique characteristics found in a particular group of organisms. These unique characteristics are called derived traits or derived characters.

Answer 35

Cladistics

Question 36

__________ is a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between different groups of organisms.

Answer 36

Cladogram

Question 37

What are the Six-Kingdom System?

Answer 37

1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Animalia 6. Plantae

Question 38

__________ descended from and very similar to the First Organisms on Earth. They are thought to be the most primitive form of life on Earth. They are unicellular prokaryotes, which means they do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Answer 38

Archaebacteria

Question 39

Process of using energy from chemicals to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds

Answer 39

Chemosynthesis

Question 40

Differentiate autothrophs and heterotrophs

Answer 40

Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food. They are the primary producers in an ecosystem. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food. They must consume the food that autotrophs produce.

Question 41

__________ are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Answer 41

Kingdom Prokaryotes

Question 42

They are the most abundant group of organisms on Earth, accounting for about 99% of all living things. It includes the most diverse group of prokaryotes. It's both autotrophic and heterotrophic. It also includes the disease-causing bacteria such as tooth decay or food poisoning.

Answer 42

Kingdom Eubacteria

Question 43

__________ is a catch-all kingdom for eukaryotes that do not fit neatly into any other kingdom. They are a diverse group of organisms, and they can be found in a wide range of environments. They include unicellular organisms, such as amoebas and euglenas, as well as multicellular organisms, such as slime molds and seaweed.

Answer 43

Kingdom Protista

Question 44

Examples of protists:

Answer 44

1. Amoebas 2. Euglena 3. Paramecium

Question 45

__________ are eukaryotic organisms, which means that their cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Most are multicellular, but there are also some unicellular such as yeasts.

Answer 45

Kingdom Fungi

Question 46

The cells of fungi have cell walls that contain a material called __________

Answer 46

Chitin

Question 47

__________ are multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic organisms. Most members of the this kingdom can move from place to place. Fish, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and mammals-including humans belong to this kingdom.

Answer 47

Kingdom Animalia

Question 48

Three Domain System

Answer 48

1. Domain Archaea (archaebacteria) 2. Domain Bacteria (eubacteria) 3. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes)

Question 49

Justification why many scientists group viruses in a category separate from living things:

Answer 49

1. Viruses have no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membrane, so can not carry out cellular functions. 2. Only able to replicate by infecting cells and using the organelles and enzymes within 3. Very small, size ranges form 20nm to 250 nm (size of small bacteria) 4. Consists of two parts: a nucleic acid and a protein coat called a capsid 5. Nucleic acid may be DNA or RNA but not both 6. Some viruses have a membrane-like structure outside the capsid called an envelope

Question 50

8 Taxonomic Classification System

Answer 50

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Question 51

This is the highest taxonomic level, introduced in the 1990s to reflect the three main groups of organisms: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. These represent the major branches of life.

Answer 51

Domain

Question 52

The __________ is the second highest taxonomic level and represents major groups of organisms with shared characteristics. Examples include Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants), Fungi (fungi), Protista (protists), etc.

Answer 52

Kingdom

Question 53

This level represents major groups within a kingdom.

Answer 53

Phylum (in animals) or Division (in plants and algae) Phyla are used for classifying animals, while divisions are used for plants and algae.

Question 54

__________ represent smaller groups within phyla or divisions and share more specific characteristics.

Answer 54

Class

Question 55

__________ are further subdivisions within classes and represent groups of related families.

Answer 55

Order

Question 56

__________ are groups of related genera (singular: genus) and represent more closely related organisms.

Answer 56

Family

Question 57

__________ is the most specific taxonomic level and refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Answer 57

Species

Question 58

__________ is a more specific taxonomic level that groups together closely related species.

Answer 58

Genus

Question 59

TRUE OR FALSE Viruses have no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membrane, so can not carry out cellular functions.

Answer 59

True. Viruses are not considered living organisms because they do not have the necessary cellular structures to carry out cellular functions.

Question 60

2 parts of virus

Answer 60

1. nucleic acid 2. protein coat called a capsid

Question 61

TRUE OR FALSE Nucleic acid can be DNA and RNA

Answer 61

False. Nucleic acid can be either DNA or RNA, but not both at the same time.

Question 62

Scientific Name of Humans

Answer 62

Homo sapiens

Question 63

Scientific Name of Philippine Eagle

Answer 63

Pithecophaga jefferyi

Question 64

Scientific Name of Philippine Cobra

Answer 64

Naja philippinensis

Question 65

Scientific Name of Dog

Answer 65

Canis familiaris

Question 66

Scientific Name of Cat

Answer 66

Felis catus

Question 67

Scientific Name of Pili Tree

Answer 67

Canarium ovatum

Question 68

Scientific Name of Mango Tree

Answer 68

Mangifera indica

Question 69

Scientific Name of Horse

Answer 69

Equus caballus

Question 70

Scientific Name of Cow

Answer 70

Bos taurus

Question 71

Scientific Name of Pig

Answer 71

Sus domesticus

Question 72

Scientific Name of Chicken

Answer 72

Gallus gallus domesticus

Answer 72

| | | | | Chicken | Gallus gallus domesticus | | Sheep | Ovis aries | | Goat | Capra hircus | | Bear | Ursus arctos | | Lion | Panthera leo | | Tiger | Panthera tigris | | Elephant | Elephas maximus | | Giraffe | Giraffa camelopardalis | | Whale | Balaenoptera musculus | | Shark | Carcharodon carcharias |

Question 73

Scientific Name of Sheep

Answer 73

Ovis aries

Question 74

Scientific Name of Goat

Answer 74

Capra hircus

Question 75

Scientific Name of Tiger

Answer 75

Panthera tigris

Question 76

Scientific Name of Lion

Answer 76

Panthera leo

Question 77

Scientific Name of Rabbit

Answer 77

Oryctolagus cuniculus

Question 78

Scientific name Chimpanzee

Answer 78

Pan troglodytes

Question 79

Scientific name Muscovy duck

Answer 79

Cairina moschata

Question 80

Scientific name