Lab7 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
What is lymph made of?
A
Extracellular fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels
2
Q
Further components of lymph are added by what
A
lymphatic organs
3
Q
What shape are lymph nodes?
A
bean shaped lymphatic organs
4
Q
Lymph nodes are connected by what?
A
By a vast network of lymphatic vessels
5
Q
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
A
Collect and filter the lymph
6
Q
What does the lymphatic system teem with?
A
macrophages, T-cells, and B-cells
7
Q
Each lymph follicle within each lymph node is an active center for what?
A
B-cell mitosis
8
Q
what are dendritc cells?
A
Phagocytic cells that eventually make their way to the stratum spinosum of the epidermis
9
Q
What is also closely associated with the follicles?
A
dendritic cells
10
Q
What does the flow of lymph between lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs rely largely on?
A
Combination of skeletal muscular contraction and one way valves
11
Q
what do one way valves prevent
A
retrograde flow
12
Q
What are tonsils?
A
Collections of lymphatic tissue associated with the inside of the throat and mouth
13
Q
Where are tonsils located?
A
Base of the tongue and back of the mouth
14
Q
Follicles of the tonsil function similarly to what?
A
Those of the lymph nodes
15
Q
What is within the tonsil follicles?
A
Lighter stained germinal centers
16
Q
Germinal centers house what?
A
proliferating B cells
17
Q
The thymus does what?
A
Initiates the development of immunocompetent T-Cells
18
Q
What happens to the thymus in adulthood?
A
It degenerates
19
Q
What are Hassall’s corpuscles?
A
A diagnostic feature of the thymus
20
Q
What is the purpose of the Hassall’s corpuscle?
A
accumulate dead T-cells
21
Q
What is a important feature of the thymus?
A
No follicles
22
Q
Where is the spleen located?
A
Left upper side of the abdominal cavity below the diaphragm
23
Q
What is an interesting function about the spleen?
A
It is the largest encapsulated organ of the lymphatic system with many macrophages and lymphocytes
24
Q
Besides containg macrophages and lymphocytes what else does the spleen do?
A
It entraps and destroys old erythorocytes and platelets
25
Red pulp is the area where what occurs?
erythrocyte destruction
26
White pulp is the area where what occurs?
Concentration of lyphocytes
27
What is cancer of the lymphatic system?
Hodgkin's granuloma
28
Untreated cancerous overgrowth can lead to what?
The breakdown of both the red and white pulp
29
Is Hodgkin's granuloma treatable?
The prognosis has been approved with chemotherapy
30
What muscle defines the lips exteriorly?
Orbicularis oris
31
The skin of the lip is covered with what?
Poorly keratinized and pigmented epithelium
32
The Poorly keratinized and pigmentd epithelium allows for what?
Circulating blood to show more extensively beneath the surface
33
What glands are in the lips?
Labial glands which are mucous glands and sebaceous (oil) glands
34
What are taste buds?
Clusters of encapsulated gustatory receptor cells
35
Where are taste buds located?
Mostly on the surface of the tongue
36
Where are taste buds concentrated?
On the surface of peg like projections called papillae
37
What do teeth do?
Shear and masticate food in the oral cavity
38
What is the gum line called?
Gengival margin
39
What is the crown?
The part above the gengival margin
40
What is the root?
What is imbedded below the alveolar margin
41
What are the parts that an adult tooth can be divided into?
crown, neck, and root
42
What is the neck
Area right above the alveolar margin
43
What is the outer surface of the tooth plated with
Enamel - the hardest tissue in the body
44
What makes up a bulk of the tooth?
Dentin
45
What is dentin manufactured by?
Odontoblasts
46
What contain the blood and nerve supply of the tooth?
The pulp
47
What is the parotid salivary gland?
One of the three major salivary glands
48
Where is the parotid salivary gland located?
Superficial to the masseter muscle on either side of the head
49
What is saliva made of?
A mixture of mostly water, digestive enzymes, and mucous
50
What is septa made of
Connective tissue
51
What does the septa form?
Substrate for blood vessels and nerves that ramify through the gland
52
What do excretory ducts do?
convey saliva from the inside of the gland to the inner surface of the mouth
53
What is the esophagus?
The most anterior portion of the gastrointestinal tract
54
What does the esophagus use to transport food from the oral cavity to the stomach
perastalic movement
55
What is the muscularis mucosa?
Thin muscular layer just below the luminal epithelium
56
What is the submucosa composed of?
Largely loose connective tissue that is collagen rich
57
What does the submucosa contain?
Many of the neurovascular bundles that supply the mucosa
58
What comprises the bulk of the musculature?
Muscularis externa
59
The circular layer of the muscularis mucosa has what?
smooth muscle fibers that lie perpendicular to the long axis of the lumen
60
Where does the longitudinal layer lie?
parallel to the lumen
61
What leads to peristaltic movement?
Alternating contractions of the circular layer and longitudinal layer
62
What is the adventitia made of?
fibrous connective tissue
63
What does the adventitia do?
Anchors the esophagus to the surrounding tissue
64
What all does the wall of the stomach do?
absorption site for water and some drugs
| Food storage/mixing/sterilization
65
What are gastric pits in the stomach?
Exocrine ducts from gastric glands that lead to the stomach lumen
66
What do gastric glands contain?
exocrine epithelia
67
The exocrine epithelia of the gastric glands secrete what?
mucous, intrinsic factor, peptic cells, neuroendocrine cells, and some stem cells
68
What is the intrinsic factor for?
It is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum
69
What do peptic cells secrete?
secrete pepsin
70
What is pepsin
Enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides
71
Where is the duodenum?
the most anterior portion of the small intestine that is adjoined to the posterior stomach
72
What does the duodenum receive?
gastric chyme upon the stomach emptying
73
What is the purpose of the duodenum?
Exocrine release site for the gallbladder and pancreatic secretions
74
What is the important function of the duodenum?
absorptive luminal surface
75
What do intestinal glands secrete?
Mixture of sucrase, maltase, and peptidase
76
What are the infoldings of the luminal wall called?
Villi
77
What is the purpose of the villi?
increase surface area
78
What are Brunner's glands?
specialized mucous secreting glands
79
Brunner's glands are histolgical signatures of what?
Dudoenum
80
What are goblet cells?
single celled exocrine glands that secrete mucous
81
What is the function of the jejunum?
Absorption
82
What is the function of the ileum?
ingestion of VitaminB12 attached to an intrinsic factor
83
What does the Peyers patches indicate?
end of the ileum
84
The colon or large intestine can be divided up into what?
Ascending, transverse, descneding, and sigmoid regions
85
Formation of feces progresses from where to where by progressive what
cecum to rectum
| reabsorption of water
86
Cirrhosis of the liver is marked by what deposits?
fibrous fatty deposits in the liver
87
Cirrhosis usually results from what and can ultimately lead to what?
Alcohol abuse
| Liver transplant
88
What is the largest interior organ of the body?
liver
89
Hepatocytes of the liver do what?
```
Make and secrete blood proteins
Store glycogen
Release glucose from storage
Catabolize drugs
Breakdown products of metabolism
```
90
The liver synthesizes what
bile acids
| they are conveyed through the bile duct to the gallbladder
91
What do bile acids do?
Mediate the digestion of fat
92
What does the portal circulation do?
Allows blood flow between the small intestine and the liver
93
The pancreas is what
exocrine and endocrine gland
94
The exocrine tissues of the pancreas synthesize and secrete what
bicarbonate
95
What does bicarbonate do
neutralizes the chyme after it is released into the duodenum
96
What are islets of Langerhans
Small clusters of endocrine cells. Consist of A and B cells
97
What do the A and B cells do?
A: secrete the hormone glucagon
B: secretes the hormone insulin
98
What does glucagon and insulin do?
Insulin:tell the cells to take up glucose
Glucagon: stimulates the liver to depolymerize glucose from glycogen and secrete glucose
99
What contains follicular cells that produce the iodine-containing thyroid hormones T4 and T3 from the protein thyroglobulin?
Thyroid gland
100
How is thyroglobulin stored?
as a colloid in the thyroid follicles
101
What do thyroid hormones regulate?
Metabolic rate, growth, and nervous system development
102
What do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid glad secrete?
Calcitonin
103
What does calcitonin do?
lowers blood calcium levels by antagonizing the action of parathyroid hormone
104
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
Four small clusters on the glandular tissue on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland
105
What does the parathyroid hormone do?
Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts
106
What is considered the voice box?
Larynx
107
Where is the larynx located?
top of trachea and inferior to the epiglottis
108
What does the vocal muscle do?
Modulates the tension of the vocal cords and changes the pitch
109
How is the trachea reinforced?
Rings of hyaline cartilage
110
What does the trachea do?
Conducts inhalation and exhalation of air via the lungs
111
What does the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium do?
Moves mucous along the inner laminal surface
112
What are lungs?
Flexible fibrous sacks formed from a complex array of tube (bronchioles)
113
What are tiny exbandable air sacs?
Alveoli
114
What are bronchioles?
air-passages to countless alveoli
115
What are alveoli lined with?
simple squamous epithelial tissue
116
What are highly vascularized gas exchange compartments?
Alveoli
117
What is the disease correlated with smoking?
ephysema
118
ephysema is characterized by what?
breakage and collapse of the alveoli - causes a reduction of surface area for gas exchange
119
what is lung cancer called?
Lung carcinoma
120
Lung cancer has a reputation of what?
being particularly aggressive in its metastasis
121
How does lung cancer appear on a slide?
The normal alveoli cells are filled with cancer cells
122
Most lung cancer is linked to what?
smoking
123
What forms of digestion begin in the mouth?
mechanical and enzymatic
124
The salivary glands produce what?
Amylase and saliva
125
What is amylase?
Carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme
126
What directs food away from the respiratory organs?
epiglottis
127
What is the hard palate formed from?
maxilla, palatine
128
What is the soft palate formed from?
muscle and membrane
129
What does the soft palate do?
closes off the nasal passage during swallowing
130
What does the nasoplatine nerve do?
Runs through the nasopalatine foramen to supply the incisors and canine teeth
131
What does the esophagus do?
supplies food from the mouth to the stomach
132
What is the pharynx?
Region where the oral and nasal passages combine
133
What are the paranasal sinuses
Air filled sacs that are continuous wth the nasal cavity within bones near the nose
134
The spehnoid sinus is what?
A paranasal sinus
135
What does the nasal concha do?
Channel air flow in a steady pace in and out of the nose
humidify heat
filter air
136
What does the trachea do?
Transports air to and from the lungs
137
what produces variations in vocal ligament to change pitch?
Muscular movement of the cartilages
