Language and Laterization

Question 1

Early in learning with Aplysia

Answer 1

This results from a decrease in neurotransmitter release onto motor neurons
Each session habituation occurs faster and faster
Results in pruning of synaptic terminals at the motor neuron- indicate two stages of learning

Question 2

Neurons that fire together

Answer 2

Wire together
Demonstrated in the hippocampus

Question 3

Brief powerful stimulus that reliably activated both pre and post- synaptic neurons resulting in long last increase in synaptic strength

Answer 3

Long- term potentiation

Question 4

Weak synapses that activated only the pre-synaptic neuron will result in a graduate decrease in the strength of their connection

Answer 4

Long- term depression
Fire at different times get long term depression

Question 5

The connection between a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron will

Answer 5

Be increased if they are active at the same time

Question 6

If the pre and post- synaptic neuron are both active at different times

Answer 6

The connection between them will weaken

Question 7

What receptor does the hippocampus rely on

Answer 7

NDMA receptor

Question 8

Animals that over-express NMDA receptors have enhanced

Answer 8

LTP and better long-term memory

Question 9

Damage to medial diencephalon can also cause

Answer 9

amnesia

Question 10

In prosopagnosia

Answer 10

Faces are unrecognizable

Question 11

Left Hemisphere Damage can cause

Answer 11

Aphasia

Question 12

Damage to a left anterior speech zone cause

Answer 12

nonfluent (Broaca’s) aphasia

Question 13

Damage to a left posterior speech zone causes

Answer 13

Fluent (Wernickes) aphasia

Question 14

Verbal information presented to the left and right hemispheres independently is processed better by the

Answer 14

Left hemisphere

Question 15

Nonverbal visuospatial material is processed in

Answer 15

Right hemisphere- plays important role in processing music

Question 16

How many people are left handed?

Answer 16

10-15% is not associated with intellectual deficiencies- left-handed as a consequence of early damage that caused a reorganization of the brain

Question 17

What brain lesions can produce prosopagnosia

Answer 17

Bilateral temporal parietal occipital lesions

Question 18

Two prominent regions involved in language

Answer 18

Anterior language zone aka Broca’s area
Posterior speech zone aka Wernicke’s are

Question 19

Right handed people left hemisphere damage can produce

Answer 19

Varies forms of aphasia- that include paraphasias, agraphia, alexia, apraxia

Question 20

Aphasia

Answer 20

Impairment of language ability- caused by brain injury to the left hemisphere

Question 21

Paraphasia

Answer 21

Substitution of a word by a sound, incorrect word, unintended word

Question 22

Agraphia

Answer 22

Impairment in writing

Question 23

Alexia

Answer 23

Impairment in reading

Question 24

Apraxia

Answer 24

Motor impairment, difficulty in making sequences of movements

Question 25

Lesions affecting left anterior regions of the brain produce

Answer 25

Broca's aphasia- nonfluent speech, impaired phoneme discrimination, anomia, intact language comprehension

Question 26

Posterior lesions produce

Answer 26

Wernicke's aphasia- fluent but unintelligible speech and impaired language comprehension- global aphasia extensive left hemisphere lesions abolish virtually all language capabilities

Question 27

ASL involves more

Answer 27

Visuospatial processing- lesions to the type make signers aphasic- support motor theory of language processing

Question 28

Electrical stimulation to anterior regions of the brain result in

Answer 28

Speech arrest, misnaming or impaired repetition

Question 29

Non- invasive form of simulation mapping revealing a variety of functional zones

Answer 29

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 30

Broca's area has been shown to involve

Answer 30

Semantic processing in more anterior regions

Question 31

Phonological processing is seen more in

Answer 31

Posterior aspects of the area

Question 32

Communication in songbirds and primates

Answer 32

serve as a model of certain processes in human speech and language Vocal behavior is acquired early life, a sensitive period mediated by neural mechanisms that exhibit asymmetric organization

Question 33

Dyslexia is more prevalent in

Answer 33

Boys and left-handed individuals

Question 34

Several abnormalities of the cortex of people with dyslexia include

Answer 34

Temporal lobes

Question 35

Constraint-induced movement therapy and the use of mirrors in therapy have both been

Answer 35

Effective interventions for recovery of limb functions after a stroke