Memory and Learning

Question 1

Amnesia

Answer 1

Severe memory impairment

Question 2

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 2

Loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia

Question 3

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 3

Inability to form memories after onset of a disorder. Pts with this type of amnesia can learn to read mirror-reversed text, verbal task

Question 4

What structures of the brain are important for declarative memory?

Answer 4

Hippocampus
Mammillary bodies
Dorsomedial thalamus

Question 5

Damage to the medial diencephalon can cause

Answer 5

Amnesia

Question 6

Brain damage can destroy autobiographical memories while

Answer 6

Sparing general memories

Question 7

Declarative memory

Answer 7

Facts and information acquired through learning that can be stated or described, used to answer “what” questions

Question 8

Nondeclarative (procedural) memory

Answer 8

Shown by performance rather than recollection, used to answer “how” questions

Question 9

Medial temporal lobe damage causes damage to

Answer 9

Delayed nonmatching to sample task- test of object recognition memory that requires only declaring what they remember

Question 10

Long term memory has vast capacity but is

Answer 10

Subject to distortion

Question 11

Plastic changes at synapses can be

Answer 11

Physiological or structural

Question 12

Invertebrate nervous systems show

Answer 12

Synaptic plasticity

Question 13

Classical conditioning relies on circuits in the

Answer 13

Mammalian cerebellum

Question 14

Karsakoff’s syndrome is

Answer 14

Degenerative disease of memory deficiency caused by damage to mammillary bodies due to lack of thiamine
Seen in chronic alcoholism and conditions with Alzheimer’s disease

Question 15

Form one part of a pathway for forming declarative memories

Answer 15

Mammillary bodies

Question 16

Damage to any one of the regions on this pathway will result in anterograde amnesia

Answer 16

Sensory processing in cortex–> Parahippocampal, entorhinal perirhinal cortex–> Hippocampus–> Medial diencephalon, including mammillary bodies–> Declarative memory storage in cortex

Question 17

What receptors collaborate in LTP

Answer 17

NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors

Question 18

Declarative memory

Answer 18

Semantic and Episodic memory

Question 19

Semantic memory

Answer 19

Generalized declarative memory

Question 20

Episodic memory

Answer 20

Detailed autobiographical memory

Question 21

KC could form new

Answer 21

Semantic memories but not episodic memories

Question 22

The processes of memory system

Answer 22

Encoding
Consolidation
Retrieval

Question 23

Different types of nondeclarative memory

Answer 23

In instrumental conditioning- operant conditioning an association is made between a behavior- instrument response- consequences of the behavior- reward

Question 24

Henry Molaison provided

Answer 24

Critical information about neural mechanisms of memory in humans.

Question 25

What was removed from Henry Molaison

Answer 25

Bilateral removal of medial temporal lobe structures he lost the ability to form new declarative memories- involving the conscious recollection of events and information He did retain the ability to form nondeclarative memories- the ability to perform a new behavior is acquired

Question 26

Long term memory can be divided into

Answer 26

Declarative memory- facts and information that can be "declared" to others Nondeclarative memory- demonstrated by performance than conscious recollection

Question 27

Declarative memories can be measured in

Answer 27

Monkeys

Question 28

What did pt N.A suffer from

Answer 28

Anterograde amnesia- result of a diencephalic injury

Question 29

Larger temporal diencephalic system appears to be important for

Answer 29

Declarative memory

Question 30

Pts with Korsakoff's syndrome exhibit a characteristic amnesia due to

Answer 30

Diencephalic and frontal lobe deterioration

Question 31

Kent Cochrane lost

Answer 31

Autobiographical memory- following brain trauma, supporting the view that the semantic and episodic (autobiographical) forms of declarative memories seem to involve separable neural substrates

Question 32

Type of learning in which an associated is formed between two stimuli or a stimuli and response Included classical conditioning and instrumental (operant) conditioning

Answer 32

Associative learning

Question 33

Type of learning in which presentation of a particular stimulus alters the strength or probability of a response and includes habitation

Answer 33

Nonassociative learning

Question 34

Fleeting and represent the contents of sensory buffers

Answer 34

Iconic memories

Question 35

Short term memories

Answer 35

Range from seconds to hours

Question 36

Long term memories

Answer 36

May last for many years- believed to be prominent memories *especially when a memorable event has a strong emotional connection

Question 37

Treatment with ______ may be able to prevent PTSD in people subjected to server trauma

Answer 37

Adrenergic antagonists

Question 38

Acquisition of skill depends on the

Answer 38

Basal Ganglia and sensorimotor learning, also involves the cerebellum and motor cortex

Question 39

Eye blinking condition involves the

Answer 39

Cerebellum

Question 40

Enriched condition (EC) rats exhibit increases in

Answer 40

Biochemical activity, dendritic branching, synaptic contacts and overall size of brain regions

Question 41

Plasticity is evident in the nervous system of

Answer 41

Aplysia- offers the advantages of relative simplicity and the presence of identifiable neurons

Question 42

Training of the Aplysia has demonstrated

Answer 42

Changes in synaptic number and function associated with learning

Question 43

Research on eye blink conditioning had led of a

Answer 43

A complete neural circuit for this form of learning

Question 44

Eye blinking conditioning a CS (tone) and US(corneal stimulation) becomes associated in

Answer 44

Cerebellar circuit that is superordinate to the basic reflect circuit for eye blinking

Question 45

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 45

Lasting increase in the magnitude of responses of neurons subsequent to afferent stimulation by high frequency bursts of electricity

Question 46

LTP depends on the activation of

Answer 46

NMDA receptors- induce an increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors- greater neurotransmitter release

Question 47

Cellular changes in LTP also appear to involve signaling by

Answer 47

Retrograde messengers

Question 48

LTP is the only mechanism in memory formation

Answer 48

Does not yet exist

Question 49

Characteristics of LTP resemble those of

Answer 49

Memory formation