Language and Learning

Question 1

Early speech stage in which a child uses mostly nouns and verbs, resembling a telegram.

Answer 1

Telegraphic Speech

Question 2

The smallest units in a language that carries meaning.
Ex: mini

Answer 2

Morphemes!

Question 3

A behavior therapy technique that involves replacing an unwanted conditioned response with a desired response.

Answer 3

Counterconditioning

Question 4

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.

Answer 4

Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 5

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Answer 5

Continous Reforcement

Question 6

Reinforcement is given after an apparently random number of responses.

Answer 6

Variable Ratio Schedule

Question 7

Reinforcement is given only after a fixed number of responses.

Answer 7

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Question 8

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Like mice in a maze.

Answer 8

Latent Learning

Question 9

The diminishing of CR behaviors after the CS.

Answer 9

Extinction

Question 10

Any event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Answer 10

Punishment

Question 11

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.

Answer 11

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 12

Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired goal by reinforcing successive approximations.

Answer 12

Shaping

Question 13

The tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar CR. Like being afraid of rats & Chihuahuas

Answer 13

Stimulus Generalizable

Question 14

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

Answer 14

Positive Reinforcement

Question 15

The stage in infant language development where babies produce repetitive consonant-vowel sounds.

Answer 15

Babbling

Question 16

A process in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.

Answer 16

Higher Order Conditioning

Question 17

Reinforcement is given only after a fixed amount of time has passed.

Answer 17

Fixed Interval Schedule

Question 18

A learning process where behavior is influenced by consequences like rewards or punishments.

Answer 18

Operant Conditioning

Question 19

The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish words. Ex: Ing

Answer 19

Phonemes

Question 20

Stimuli that gain reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers, like money or praise.

Answer 20

Secondary Reinforcers

Question 21

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person.

Answer 21

Vicarious Conditioning

Question 22

The tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors after being conditioned.

Answer 22

Instinctive Drift

Question 23

Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Answer 23

Reinforcement

Question 24

An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 24

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Question 25

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution without trial-and-error behavior.

Answer 25

Insight Learning

Question 26

A plan for how often a desired response will be reinforced.

Answer 26

Reinforcement Schedules

Question 27

The ability to distinguish between different, similar stimuli and respond only to the one that is reinforced.

Answer 27

Reinfrocement Discrimination

Question 28

Reinforcing a response only part of the time, leading to slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction.

Answer 28

Partial Reinforcement

Question 29

Behavior that is repeated because it is mistakenly believed to produce reinforcement. Like lucky socks before a game.

Answer 29

Superstitious Behavior

Question 30

The reappearance of an extinct CR.

Answer 30

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 31

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to recur.

Answer 31

Law of Effect

Question 32

A learned avoidance of a particular food or taste that has been associated with nausea or illness.

Answer 32

Taste Aversion

Question 33

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

Answer 33

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Question 34

Mental representations of physical locations, helping us navigate the environment.

Answer 34

Cognitive Maps

Question 35

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

Answer 35

Negative Reinforcement

Question 36

Learning by imitating the behavior of others- a major part of social learning theory.

Answer 36

Modeling

Question 37

Learning where a NS becomes paired with the UCS & it elicits a similar response. Works with body’s natural reflexes.

Answer 37

Classical Conditioning

Question 38

The set of rules that govern how words and sentences are structured in a language.

Answer 38

Grammar

Question 39

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating others.

Answer 39

Social Learning Theory

Question 40

The initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened. The NS becomes the CR.

Answer 40

Acquisition

Question 41

Naturally reinforcing stimuli, such as food or water, that satisfy biological needs.

Answer 41

Primary Reinforcers

Question 42

The tendency to respond to stimuli like the one that was reinforced.

Answer 42

Reinforcement Generalization

Question 43

The ability to distinguish between a CS and other similar stimuli so that only the CS gets the CR behavior. Like being afraid of dogs, but not of Racoons.

Answer 43

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 44

The study of meaning in language, including the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.

Answer 44

Semantics

Question 45

A condition in which repeated exposure to uncontrollable events leads to passive behavior.

Answer 45

Learned Helplessness

Question 46

Reinforcement is given after apparently random amounts of time.

Answer 46

Variable Interval Schedule