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ALEVEL English Lang AQA > 🪅• Language & Ethnicity: Content > Flashcards

🪅• Language & Ethnicity: Content Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is a nationality?

A

A single thing, simply what is stated on your passport: where you were born

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2
Q

What is an ethnicity?

A

A much more complex concept than nationality, separate from race. A person’s ethnicity can include things such as:
* religion
* community
* culture
* ancestry
* heritage
* family

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3
Q

Who was the first to colonise the Caribbean?

(+Year)

A

Spain, 15 century

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4
Q

What was the Empire Windrush?

A
  • A former German cruise liner commandeered to take service men back to the Caribbean (as more than 10,000 Caribbean men & women crossed the Atlantic to support in WW2)
  • On its way back, the Windrush set sail from Kingston, Jamaica to take some Caribbean people **back to the UK **as they were told they would find work their upon there arival.
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5
Q

What date did the Empire Windrush leave Kingston, Jamaica & what date did it arrive in Tilbury, England?

A
  • DEPARTED: 27th May 1948
  • ARRIVED: 22nd June 1948
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6
Q

What did the UK government wrongly assume about the Passengers of the Empire Windrush?

A

That they were to stay temporarily

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7
Q

For how long did the primary migration of Caribbean individuals last for?

A

From the first disembarking on the 27th May 1948 up ontil the 1960s

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8
Q

By 1961, how many Caribbean indiviudals populated London?

A

The Caribbean population grew to over 100,000 in London by 1961

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9
Q

Where did most of the Caribbean migrant settle?

A

The Notting Hill in London

Became an extremely diverse area of London due to Windrush Gen

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10
Q

What were the Notting Hill Riots?

(+Year)

A

The Notting Hill race riots were a series of racially motivated riots that took place in Notting Hill, a district of London, between August and September 1958.

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11
Q

What was created in Notting Hill as a movement aimed at empowering cultural eduaction and representation?

A

The Notting Hill Carnival
* Originally held by one woman, each year until her death in 1964
* Others influenced by such a movement so solidifited the celebration by creating the Notting Hill Carnival, now the largest street festival in Europe

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12
Q

What was the Windrush scandal?

(+Year)

A
  • Changes in immigration laws that meant some citizens who had lived in the UK for a while from Windrush, even those who had been born there, were **threatened with removal from the country **
  • Immigration Act of 1971 required any citizen who was questioned about their residency to porve that they were a legal citizen
  • Was found that the Home Office destroyed thousands of landing cards slips that were proof of the Windrush migrants’ arrival dates in UK
  • This new Act went against one previously instated, The 1948 Nationality Act, that promised citizenship to all those who arrived on the Windrush
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13
Q

Give an example of an individual who has faced upsetting consequences due to the scandal

A
  • Judy Griffith, 63
  • Judy joined her parents in 1963
  • She lived in the UK for 52 years
  • In 2015, a job centre employee told her she was an ‘illegal immigrant’ after having her passport stolen
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14
Q

What is a linguistic repertoire?

A

A set of communicative resources that a speaker commands together with the knowledge of when to use those resources e.g. code-switiching/ style-shifting, using certain language features when the context a person is in requires them perhaps to appeal to an interlocutor

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15
Q

What is Sharma’s metaphor for a linguistic repertorie?

A

‘Most people have a repertore or set ways of speaking, like a painters palette, and they choose from those options at different moments’

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16
Q

What is it that shapes a persons linguistic repertoire?

A

The communities they interact with, described as communities of practice or social networks, shape a persons repertoire of ways of speaking over the persons’ lifetime

(Also said by Sharma)

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17
Q

What is a demographic?

A

The characteristics of a population

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18
Q

List 2 primary facts from the 2021 census that can be used for the reasoning behind language change in terms of ethnicity

A
  • Percentage of people in ‘white other’ ethnic group went up from 4.4% to 6.2%
  • The number of people who identified as ‘any other ethnic background’ went up from 330,000 to 920,000 (rounded) - almost a 600,000 increase from 2011 to 2021 (10 years) –> INFERRING DEMOGRAPHIC OF UK HAS INCREASED EXPONENITALLY IN TERMS OF DIVERSITY
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19
Q

What is MLE?

A
  • Multicultural London English
  • Used to describe the speech of young people in multiethnic areas of London regardless of the speakers own ethnic background or gender - MLE is a dialect and accent that transcends gender and race
  • It also has no particular regional asociation and is spoken all over the UK
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20
Q

Give 2 examples of exemplary speakers of MLE

A
  • Stormzy
  • Anne Marie (Good as she is a White speaker, proof of MLE’s breach of racial boundaries, its not ethnically exclusive)
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21
Q

List one Lexical feature of MLE

A

Colloquialisms/ slang such as:
* ‘mandem’ –> group
* ‘long’ –> boring
* ‘shank’ –> knife (to stab)

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22
Q

List 9 of the Phonological features of MLE

A
  • Th-fronting –> thing = ‘fing’
  • Th-stopping
  • Goose fronting
  • H reinstatement (Pronounciation of ‘h’, unusual as cockney doesnt)
  • G-dropping
  • T glottaling
  • Price Monophthongonisatiom
  • Ing-omission –> replacement of ‘ing’ ending with ‘n’ –> ‘working’ = ‘workin’
  • Dh-stopping
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23
Q

Explain th-stopping

A

‘thing’ –> ‘ting’
‘that’ –> ‘dat’

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24
Q

Explain Goose fronting

A
  • In fOOd, chOOse, dO and yOU (etc…) the tounge is placed to the front of the mouth as opposed to the centre
  • Your emphasising the ‘OO’ sound for longer when you speak
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25
Explain Price monophthongonisation
* Diphthong becomes a Monopthong (monophthongonisation) * Therefore sound becomes shorter * /I/ --> /ai/ * So it *sounds like* this: * e.g. 'I' --> 'aie' * e.g. 'Advice --> 'Advaice' * e.g. 'Like' --> 'Laike'
26
Explain Dh-stopping
'they' --> 'dey' 'this' --> 'dis' 'that' --> 'dat'
27
List two of the **Grammatical** features of MLE
* Non-standard use of auxiliary verbs * Preposition omission
28
Explain the Non-standard use of auxiliary verbs
29
Explain Preposition omission
30
List two of the **Discourse** features of MLE
* Tag questions, e.g. 'innit' * Common male-to-male adress of 'blud'
31
List one of the **Syntactic** features of MLE
* The pronoun 'man' as a first person singular pronoun, e.g. Im going to the shop --> 'mans going to the shop'
32
Label this diagram of the linguistic history & development of MLE
33
Breifly describe details of 'London Jamaican'
* Earliest identified form of MLE * Only spoken by Black people/ youths * Used to express a **resistance identity**
34
In what year (not to be exact) did **Young People** start to adopt a form of Jamaican creole as a **resistance identity** in response to racism and a lack of opportunities? ## Footnote **Young People** --> Not just jamaican, it was regardless of where come from, solidarity of minority ethnic groups
1970s
35
The **________________** youth environment in the **_______** was when **___** rose
The **multicultural** youth environment in the **1970s** was when **MLE** rose
36
Breifly describe details of 'Black Cockney'
* Identififed now as more of a multiracial vernacular * Primary use only in adolescent groups * Dispite name, not a vernacular but a **style** of speaking
37
What is a multiethnolect?
A language variety, typically formed in youth communities in working class, immigrant neighborhoods of urban areas, that contains influences from a variety of different languages.
38
What is code-switching?
Changing language use based on **formaility**
39
What is style-shifting?
Changing language used based on the **topic of discussion/ environmen/ context**, commonly in order to perform a specifc identity
40
What is a performance identity?
Consciously style-shifting by selectively drawing on ones linguistic repertoire to use certain language features to appear in a certain way to others/ perform a sought-out identity
41
What is enregisterment?
When one or more linguistic features are asociated with a specific dialect or stereotyped social persona
42
What is the name commonly given to MLE within the media?
'Jafaican'/ 'Jafaikan' | Mainly used in right-wing (CONSERVATIVE) e.g. Daily Mail
43
What is a pidgin language?
* A language invented by adults who speak different languages, in order for them to communicate, a very basic form of a language * **The defining characteristic of a pidgin language is that it is neither group of speakers first language: it is a second language for all its speakers** * They are not **proper** languages, they are short & brief, only used based on the necessity communicate, commonly found during colonisation
44
If a **_________** language is formed between two adults, and then a child **_________** it via using it as it's first language, its becomes a **_________**.
If a **pidgin** language is formed between two adults, and then a child **inherits** it via using it as it's first language, its becomes a **creole**
45
What is a creole language?
* The **'evolved'** form of a pidgin * A stable natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages * They differ from pidgins as they have been **nativized by having children use it as their primary language** * The vocabulary of a creole is largely supplied by the parent languages, commonly that of the most dominant local group
46
What is AAVE?
* **African American Vernacular English** * 'African American' = Black American individuals with African heritage * 'Vernacular' = most relaxe/ local/ natural form of a language * It is essentially MLE but within America as opposed to London/ the UK * Speakers recieve similar treatment to those who speak MLE in the UK e.g. still stereotyped with AAVE being asociated with criminality & lower education
47
List 5 **Phonological** features of AAVE
* G-dropping --> sipping = 'sippin' * Th-stopping --> thing = 'ting'/ 'that' = 'dat' * Price monophthongonisation * No rhoticity --> lord knows = 'lawd knows' * **Consonant cluster reeduciton**
48
Explain consonant cluster reduction
When an individual simplifies a cluster of consonant sounds into a single sound or a easier combination of sound * stand near me --> 'stan near me'
49
List some **Lexical** features of AAVE
* 'hood' rather than neighbourhood * 'homie' to refer to a friend * Y'all * Yass * Ratchet * Mamma * Taboo lexis * Reclaimed lexis (n-word)
50
List 3 **Syntactical** features of AAVE
* **Coupula absence** * Demonstrative 'them' --> those boots = 'them boots' * Completive 'done' --> you bought me a flower = 'done bought me a flower'
51
Explain coupula absence
Simply the absence of the coupulas **'are'** and **'is'** e.g. * oh you are nasty --> 'oh you nasty'
52
What is cultural appropriation?
When members of a majoity group adopt cultural elements of a minority group in a disrespectful way/ stereotypical way
53
What is the name of the individual who belives we should change the name of MLE?
**Ife Thompson**, lawyer and communnity activist
54
What does Ife Thompson belive we should change the name of MLE to?
**BBE** * **B**lack * **B**ritish * **E**nglish
55
Give a quote from Ife Thompson that supports her disliking the name MLE
**'The term mulicultural means everything and nothing'** **'Using MLE divorces the history specifics from the language form'** consequently therefore erasing black culture
56
Who is David Starkey?
An English historian and radio/ television presenter known for publicly discussing his **controversial** views, without a filter, being insensitive
57
Give the famous quote that **David Starkey** made when being interviwed on the 2011 London riots
**'The whites have become black'** * Quotation infers a decline, clearly making it racist as it implies its negative * Implying all MLE speakers are one single homogenous group * Immediately stereotyping Black people by asociating them with crime/violence **+ CONSTANTLY USED 'THEM'/ 'THESE' WHEN REFERRING TO ETHNIC MINORITIES, PLACING THEM AS THE 'OTHER', SEPARATE FROM EVERYONE ELSE** **+ COVERTLY VIEWS BLACK CULTURE AS SYNONOMOUS TO GANG CULTURE** (as many others do)
58
What is a disctinctive feature of the Punjabi dialect?
Retroflexive 't'
59
Explain the retroflexive 't'
When uttering **/t/** phoneme, rather than the tounge being futher back in the mouth, it touches the front of the roof of the mouth, **futher forward** almost touching behind of teeth
60
What is the name of the linguist that created the term MBE? | (+ Explain MBE)
* Drummond, 2016 * **MBE** = **M**ulticultural **B**ritish **E**nglish * He proposed that there is a need of a term to describe people in UK who used a variety of English which contained **features of MLE, alongside elements of their local accent or dialect**

ALEVEL English Lang AQA (19 decks)

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