Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ALEVEL English Lang AQA > ⭐• Pragmatics Terminology > Flashcards

⭐• Pragmatics Terminology Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used such as the taking of* turns in conversation*, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is prescriptivism?

A

The belief that a particular form of language/ manner of speaking is superior to another and that languages’ structure is irrevocable and should not be changed at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is descriptivism?

A

The analysis of how language is used by speakers/ writers that is non-judgemental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an implication?

A

When a conclusion can be drawn from something although its not explicitly stated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is implicature?

A

The idea of conveying meaning indirectly through conversations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a figure of speech?

A

A word or phrase that intentionally deviates from straight-forward language use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is tone?

A

A particular quality - a way of sounding as an expressive meaning or feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is undertone?

A

An unspoken implied meaning or emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is perception?

A

The ability to see/ become aware of something through the senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does it mean when something is Ambiguous?

A

When something is open to more than one interpretation, not having 1 obvious/ direct meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a presumption?

A

An idea that is taken to be true on a basis of probability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is assumption?

A

Something that is thought to be true, even without truth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is sarcasm?

A

The use of irony to mock someone or something, usually to evoke a laughing response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Irony?

A

The expression of ones meaning by language that seems deliberately contrary - typically for humerous effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does it mean when something is humerous?

A

When something catalyses laughter or amusement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does it mean when language is offensive?

A

Offensive language is that which is percieved as rude or hurtful towards a person/ group of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is pejorative?

A

Expressing worthlessness or disapproval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of a pejorative?

A

Calling someone a looser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is (Giles 1973) the acommodation of language?

A

The behavioural changes that people make to attune their communication to their interlocutor + the extent to which a person believes their interlocutor is attuning to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is convergence?

A

A strategy where nearby individuals adapt to communicative behaviours in a way to become more similar/ appeal to the person they are speaking to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Divergence?

A

When you dont want to sound similar to the person you are speaking to. Can include accentuations of speech - used to display valued distincitveness/ separate speaker from person/people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is echoalia?

A

The involuntary repitition of an interlocutors behaviour/ language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are 4 paralinguistic features?

A
  • Speech rate
  • Pauses
  • Utterance length
  • Pitch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is paralinguistics?

A

How people communicate without using words or additional aspects of vocal communication such as signals beyond the basic verbal message or speech e.g. ‘umm’ or the pitch of speaking (things that infer additonal meanings during a convorsation without explicitly saying what that desired meaning was)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is intonation?
The pitch and volume of a person's speech.
26
What is overt prestiege?
Vocabulary/ dialect that reflects the culturally dominant group, commonly those in power or authority
27
What is covert prestiege?
Vocabulary/ dialect use related to a region or culture that is used to distinguish a groip from the culturally dominant one as an act of individuality as a group/culture/region
28
What is an interlocuter?
A person who takes part in dialogue/ convorsations (the person somebody else is speaking to)
29
What is a locutionary act?
The act of producing the performance of an utterance (speaking)
30
What is a Illocutinoary act?
A speech act that involves performing an action with the intention conveyed by the speaker; An illocutionary act is an act performed merely by (in) saying something
31
What are some examples of an illocutionary act?
* Asserting * Questioning * Exclaiming * Threatening * Promising * Apologizing * Commanding * Warning * Suggesting * Requesting
32
What is a perlocutionary act?
The effect that an utterance has on a listener
33
What are some examples of an perlocutionary act?
* Persuading * Convincing * Scaring * Enlightening * Inspiring * Ridiculing
34
What are all 4 of Grice's maxims?
* Maxim of quality * Maxim of relevance * Maxim of quantity * Maxim of manner
35
What is the Maxim of quality?
To make your contribution to a convorsation a true one - not saying what you believe to be false or what you lack evidence to support validity
36
What is the Maxim of relevance?
To make your contribution to a convorsation relevant to what is being discussed
37
What is the Maxim of quantity?
To make your contribution to a convorsation as informative as required - to not make contribution overwhelming by including more information than is required
38
What is the Maxim of manner?
To make your contribution to a convorsation brief, orderly and bereft of ambiguity - to avoid obscurity of expression (avoid things that are unknown)
39
What is violating a maxim?
Breaking the rules of a maxim in such a way that truthful/ sucsessful commincation breaks down and fails. **Not overtly intentional**
40
What is flouting a maxim?
**Intentionally**playing with the rules of a maxim to break them/ to create new meanings
41
What are Lakoff's (1973) Maxims of politeness?
* dont impose (be unwelcome) * give the interlocuter options * make interlocuter feel good
42
What is Levinson & Brown's (1975) Face Politeness Theory
A theory that explains how people interact politely, alongside the concept of 'face' - based on the idea that we all have a face (self esteem) which we attempt to protect to avoid awkwardness in convorstation and is made up of a positive and negative component
43
What is saving face?
Utilising stratagies to avoid embarassment, offense or awkwardness to maintatin dignity/ preserve ones reputation
44
What is a face-threatening act?
When communiaction can damage a persons sense of face (self esteem) or affect the persons postitive or negative face
45
When we admit and ____________ for our shortcomings, we commit _____-_____________ acts directed at ____________
When we admit and apologise for our shortcomings, we commit face-threatening acts directed at ourselves
46
What is ignorance?
Lack of knowledge or information about something or labelling something as rude/ inconsiderate
47
What is positive face?
An individuals desire to be liked and appreciated by others, similar to a persons self-esteem
48
What is negative face?
An individuals desire to protect their personal rights, such as their freedom of speech/ action
49
What are the 5 proposed politness stratagies (used to avoid embarassming sombody or making others feel uncomforatable)
* positive politeness * negative politeness * corrective processes * bald on-record * off-record (indirect)
50
What is a corrective process?
A process used if a threat to either face cannot be avoided to restore the desired expressive order and flow of events e.g. apologising
51
What are the 4 phases of a corrective process/ ann apology?
* PHASE #1: individual takes responsibility for their behavioural failure * PHASE #2: individual sends signals of regret to addressee * PHASE #3: individual offers compensation * PHASE #4: addressee accepts the offer
52
What is the condition for a sucsessful corrective process/ apology?
Corrective processes only work if **ALL** phases have been undergone successfully
53
What is positive politeness?
Appealing to somones positive face to increase their self-esteem when asking something of them/ engaging in convorsation to increase chances of them doing that for you or liking you/ responding back positively
54
What is negative politeness?
Appealing to somebodys negative face to maek them feel like they havent been taken advantage of when asking something of them/ engaging in convorsation to increase chances of them doing that for you or liking you/ responding back positively
55
What is bald on-record
When a user doesnt attempt to limit the threat to a listeners face due to a sense of urgency. Getting straight to the point, utilising no additional language to help soften the message **In order to protect, we sometimes have to hurt face**
56
What is off-record (indirect)
Being seriously indirect, the speaker typically avoids saying the potentially face-threatening act altogether.
57
What is a preventative act?
So-called announcements about potential awkward incidents that may take place in a flow of events - tactfulness
58
What are 3 postitives to a preventative act?
* getting recognition for being honest * avoiding confusion by not using unecessary language * putting public pressure on a listener when required
59
What is a defensive strategy?
Include the avoidance of particular topics and to suppress ones emotions the moment they do not seem appropriate for the situation
60
In off-record (indirect) and defensive stratagies what is required of the listener from a speakers ambiguous/ implied intentions (done to not impose)
As intentions are implied in order to not impose on a listener, these stratagies are heavily relient on pragmatics as its up to a listener to interpret implied intentions alone
61
What is the main issue with off-record (indirect) and defensive stratagies when it comes to the listener having to intepret speaker on their own?
Interpretations can be incorrect, which can lead to a misunderstanding
62
What is a postitive to off-record (indirect) and defensive stratagies?
The speaker never actually asks for anything, therefore impostition on a listener is reduced
63
What is a criticism of face/politeness theory?
That the theory constructed by Brown & Levinson was **ethnocentric** as it fails to recognise that politeness can vary around the world (Western-centric bias)
64
What are the three sociological variables in face/ politeness theory/
* Social distance * Power differance * Seriouness

ALEVEL English Lang AQA (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions