🏝️• Language & Region: Studies Flashcards
(42 cards)
1
Q
List All 5 Key Themes That Each Study Relates To
A
2
Q
Estuary English Study
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
(+ Date of Study)
A
Rosenwarne
1984
3
Q
Estuary English Study
What were the key findings for this study?
A
- Estuary English as a new regional variety in between RP & Cockney, a middle ground between the two existing dialects
- ** Key Features Identified as**: T-Glottaling, L-Vocalisation, London Vowel Shifting & Increased usage of Tag Questions
- Inferring that language is changing in the same way over the years class systems have changed and dissolved - Supporting DL & OH
4
Q
Estuary English Study
Explain Jamie Oliver’s relevance in the explanation of Estuary English
A
- As a public figure, Jamie = living proof of lang evolution
- Started his life in working class bracket, most likely using Cockney accent
- Career in entertainment propelled him upwards into higher class bracket
- As his class level increased his accent progressed alongside him, leaving him with a Estuary English dialect: A blend between his previous cockney accent and the new accent that surrounds him, RP
5
Q
Estuary English Study
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
A
6
Q
Cockney to King
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
(+ Date of Study)
A
(Amanda) Cole & Patricia
2023
7
Q
Cockney to King
What was the focus/ methodology for this study?
A
- Wanted to identify what accents were being spoken in SE England
- 193 Participants from all across SE England
- Participants recorded reading passage and world list - computer model was built and would place participants in groups based on similarity between pronounced vowels
- Vowels chosen not consonants as they held the most difference between people
8
Q
Cockney to King
What were the key findings for this study?
A
MODEL DETERMINED 3 GROUPS/ ACCENTS: Southern Standard Biritish English (SSBE), Estuary English (EE) & Multicultural London English (MLE) - decided these were 3 dominant accents in SE Eng
* EE = common speakers included younger people, pronouciation was said to be similar to cockney but not nearly as thick
* SSBE = Similar to standard southern accent, not identical to RP, more like modern/ updated version of RP due to inclusion of regional features
* SSBE & EE = widley spoken, not as stark of a contrast as RP & Cockney + speakers commonly white British
* SSBE (🟢) = commonly spoken by females more than males (Possibly due to it being closest to RP/ the ‘standard’ as some may view as still holding higher prestige, women seeking the prestige due to patriarchy)
* MLE = Most speakers from London and were Asian/ Black-British
9
Q
Cockney to King
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
A
10
Q
Martha’s Vineyard
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
(+ Date of Study)
A
Labov
1963
11
Q
Martha’s Vineyard
What was the focus/ methodology for this study?
A
- Interviewed 69 people
- Separated island into two halves, upislanders (passionate locals) and downislanders (locals who interacted frequently with tourists)
- Focusing on [aw] & [ay] vowels, wider vowels (more local) vs centralised vowels
12
Q
Martha’s Vineyard
What were the key findings for this study?
A
- Found more wider vowels were used by upislanders e.g. Chilmark Fishermen who were more passionate about the preservation of their culture and accent and therefore diverged from centralised vowels/ standard to preseve their cultural identity
- Found more centralised vowels to be used by 50% of the downislanders, the group that were much more social with the incoming tourists. These people may have wanted to appeal to the tourists so converged towards their accent/dialect to be more similar
13
Q
Martha’s Vineyard
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
A
14
Q
New York Study
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
(+ Date of Study)
A
Labov
1966
15
Q
New York Study
What was the focus/ methodology for this study?
A
- Chose 3 department stores in NYC that reflected 3 classes: Saks (Upper), Macy’s (Middle) & S.Klein (Lower)
- Looked at /r/ phoneme and mainly if it was pronouned when participants uttered ‘fourth floor’ when his researchers anonymously asked as ‘shoppers’ them for assistance with finding an item
- Got researchers to ask to repeat to see if accentuation of accent or not
- USING /R/ PHONEME = MORE STANDARD, WEAKER NYC ACCENT
- NOT USING /R/ PHONEME = LESS STANDARD, STRONGER NYC ACCENT
16
Q
New York Study
What were the key findings for this study?
A
- HIGHER: pretty even split between /r/ usage, although dispite more not using /r/, it was largest % that did use the /r/ out of all classes
- MIDDLE: more didnt use /r/ than those who did (quite equal split, perhaps due to increased social mobility)
- LOWER: people used /r/ the least with few using it at all, inferring stronger NYC ACCENT
- All infers a regional vairant’s correlation with social class and it’s persistance in numerous class brackets
17
Q
New York Study
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
A
18
Q
Liverpool Study
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
(+ Date of Study)
A
Watson
2010
19
Q
Liverpool Study
What was the focus/ methodology for this study?
A
- Focused on /t/ phoneme in lexical item ‘what’ - If it was pronounced as ‘what’ (RP) or ‘woh’ (Scouse)
- Interviewed 2 groups: an Older (60-70yrs) and Younger (16-17yrs) group
- Would expect due to existing distaste for Liverpool as a region/ culture + Cultural identity being very strong amoungst them due to Hillsborough Disaster 1986 (96 dead) for regional varaiant to die out and pressures of levelling to take over
20
Q
Liverpool Study
What were the key findings for this study?
A
- Increased regional pronounciation of /t/ as /h/ in ‘woh’, used 27% of the time by young speakers - NOT CONFORMING TO LEVELLING PRESSURES
- Glottaling, a feature spreading wide over UK due to levelling increased in usage by a mere 4% in young speakers, inferring they were resisting levelling to retian their exclusive regional dialect
- Women using standard ‘what’ more than men🟢
21
Q
Liverpool Study
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
A
22
Q
Dialect Levelling
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
(+ Date of Study)
A
Kerswill
2003
23
Q
Dialect Levelling
What was the focus/ methodology for this study?
A
- Looked at Reading, Milton Keynes & Hull on the use of Th-Fronting in relation to a persons gender and if they were either working or middle class
- Study conducted in efforts to establish that dialect levelling is occuring
24
Q
Dialect Levelling
What were the key findings for this study?
A
- Milton Keynes: th-fronting occurred less than 10% of the time for MC girls but over 30% of the time for MC boys
- Reading: th-fronting occurred 0% for MC girls compared to over 80% of working class boys
- Hull: th-fronting occurred the most here with 90% of WC boys using it
- Study evidence for geographical diffusion, shows how features diffuse to the (🟣) LARGEST URBAN AREAS FIRST, THEN SMALLER URBAN AREAS - NOT GEOGRAPHICALLY CLOSEST as Hull is furthest from London (where th-fronting orignated from in cockney) yet has the largest useage of the feature, greater than that of reading which is very close to London - showing the nature of geo diffusion (🟣)
- Women using the non-standard less than men and the standard more🟢
25
# **Dialect Levelling**
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
26
# **Norwich Study**
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
| (+ Date of Study)
Trudghill
| **1974**
27
# **Norwich Study**
What was the focus/ methodology for this study?
* Wanted to see if labov's work on confirming orderly heterogeneity would apply to the UK
* Focused on suffix **'ing'** and if it was pronounced or not in 'walking' (standard) or 'walkin' (non standard)
* Used similar interview technique to Labov's NYC Study
28
# **Norwich Study**
What were the key findings for this study?
* People of **Low social status more likely** to use **non-standard** variant, dropping 'ing' than people of higher social status
* People more likely to use **standard variants in formal settings** & the **non-standard more in infomal settings**
* Women were more likely to use the standard variations than men (🟢) who tend to use non-standard more
* Women more likely to over-report thier use of standard linguistic vairants & men more likely to over-report their use of non-standard (Link to society and pressures on women due to patriarchy, them converging to the (male) standard)
* Trudghill **confirmed existence of orderly heterogeneity in UK** + found: **MEN** = seek covert prestige to maintain grp identity & **WOMEN** = overt to seek power, prestige and status
29
# **Norwich Study**
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
30
# **Accent Bias Britain**
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
| (+ Date of Study)
N/A
| **2020**
31
# **Accent Bias Britain**
What was the focus/ methodology for this study?
* Wanted to identify through multiple methods if accentism/ accent bias was still present in the UK - the 4 'studies' included:
1. Attitudes towards accent labels (lexis to describe other accents - rated on **pleasantness** & **prestige**, just like BBC voice poll/ Matched Guise)
2. Attitudes towards real voices e.g. EE, MLE, RP etc...
3. Attitudes towards accents at work
4. Potential interventions to combat bias
32
# **Accent Bias Britain**
What were the key findings for this study?
* **76%** of employers admitted to discriminating on the basis of accents
* **3%** of employers acknowledge accent as a discriminatory characteristic and equal in level to racial discrimination - drawing attenttion to how accent is NOT a legally protected characteristic and accentism is legalised
* Found older people to be more likely to judge an accent more harshly and display prejudice
* Inferring that accent bias is most certainly prominant and existing in the UK
33
# **Accent Bias Britain**
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
34
# **Hodmedod Study**
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
| (+ Date of Study)
Britain & Blaxter
| **2021**
35
# **Hodmedod Study**
What was the focus/ methodology for this study?
* Examination of regional dialect features using an **real time approach** by comparing older **SED (1950)** data to the newer **EDA (2017)** data to see language changes/ patterns
* Variables examined covered multiple language levels: **Phonological**, **lexical** and **syntax**
* Foucsed on dialect levelling, 2 core types: **Geographical shrinkage** (area where feature used now smaller) and **Quantititave shrinkage** (fewer people say features but area same)
36
# **Hodmedod Study**
What were the key findings for this study?
* **PHONOLOGICAL:** feature of 'clear I' (found in lip & like) was pronounced in all positions in words in north England according to **SED**. **EDA** found use of 'clear I' has shrunk geographically in North with exception of few areas - **CLEAR LEVELLING EVIDENCE**
* **LEXICAL:** word 'snail' had variations including 'hodmedods' & 'dodmans' and these were geographically restricted to eastern England in **SED** but even mor in **EDA**. Was found standard lexis of 'snail' became dominant and the other vairants were no longer used - **CLEAR LEVELLING EVIDENCE**
* **SYNTAX:** **SED** found non-standard forms such as 'hisself' were widespread across UK. **EDA** showed clear decline in these forms, although some areas still use, its very large decline with most now using 'himself', the standard - **CLEAR LEVELLING EVIDENCE**
37
# **Hodmedod Study**
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
38
# **Cockney in Essex**
Who were the linguist(s) responsible for this study?
| (+ Date of Study)
(Amanda) Cole
| **2022**
39
# **Cockney in Essex**
What was the focus/ methodology for this study?
* Testing if the cockney dialect had moved to essex following the relocation of many Londoners to essex into the Debden estate (estate built by governmen to house relocated people)
* (**Testing move of Dialect**) **Interviewed 15 people** who lived Deben since birth or under 5 - list of cockney features and comparing them to their speech
* (**Testing change in Dialect**) **Interview on 54 people aged 14-91 in Debden** - they were tasked with reading a word list, reading a set passage & having casual convo. - compared accent of different ages, apparent time approach
* (**Testing change in Identity**) Also asked participants to **rate on a scale of 1-7** if they consider themsevles cockney & if they felt they had cockney or essex accent
40
# **Cockney in Essex**
What were the key findings for this study?
* (**Testing move of Dialect**) did move to essex with dialect spoken by the first generation in Debden very similar to previous cockney
* (**Testing change in Dialect**) accent of young people was drifting more towards the standard, perhaps close to EE. There had been some lang change. Some language features apparent in speech that were not in previous generations e.g. **using 'yous' to refer to multiple people & having a different intonation pattern** - change due to levelling
* (**Testing change in Identity**) Change particularly in younger -> Essex-born tended to view their accent as Essex rather than Cockney. **THE MORE COCKNEY FEATURES USED THE MORE THE PERSON VIEWED THEIR ACCENT AS ESSEX**. Older gen more likely to label themsleves/ their accent as Cockney
41
# **Cockney in Essex**
What core theme(s) does this study relate to?
42
List all **5** study pairs and the reason for the pairing
