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ALEVEL English Lang AQA > ⭐• Semantic/ Lexical Terminology > Flashcards

⭐• Semantic/ Lexical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What is lexis?

A

The vocabulary system of language, what a specific word choice means to a piece of writing, the signifiance of its presence

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2
Q

What are semantics?

A

The study of the meaning of words and expressions such as connotations + devices such as metaphor, zoomorphism etc…

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3
Q

What is jargon?

A

Technical language/ terminology/ vocabulary used within a specific industry or profession

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4
Q

What is dialect?

A

A specific form of language to a region or social group

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5
Q

What is sociolect?

A

The dialect of a particular social class

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6
Q

What is idiolect

A

Speech habits specifc to a particular person/ their own personal language use that makes up their identity

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7
Q

What is slang?

A

Informal language, more informal than colloquialisms, commonly used to convey a sense of identity and belonging within a culture

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8
Q

What are colloquialisms?

A

Informal language used in everyday speech

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9
Q

What is taboo language?

A

Words or phrases that are considered offensive, emotionally powerful, or harmful, and are therefore avoided

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10
Q

What is a cliché?

A

A cliché is an over used, widley known phrase

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11
Q

What is an Idiom?

A

Metaphorical ecpessions very specifc to the English language

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12
Q

What is a euphemism?

A

A polite or implied way of saying something, commonly something difficult to say e.g. Someone has died = Someone has passed away

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13
Q

What is a dysphemism?

A

A blunt or obvious way of saying something, commonly something difficult to say

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14
Q

What is an archaism?

A

Older language

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15
Q

What is register?

A

The level of formality in language determined by written or spoken context

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16
Q

What is a prefix?

A

The start of a word

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17
Q

What is a suffix?

A

The end of a word

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18
Q

What is a compound word?

A

Two full words placed together to make another word

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19
Q

What is an example of a compound word?

A

Lunch + Time = Lunchtime

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20
Q

What is an abbreviation?

A

Shortening a word drastically

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21
Q

What is an example of an abbreviation?

A

Advertisement = Ad

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22
Q

What is an acronym?

A

When you speak an initilaism as if its a word

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23
Q

What is an example of an acronym?

A

G.O.A.T (Greatest Of All Time) is said as the word Goat, not each initial individually

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24
Q

What is an initialism?

A

When you say initials of an acronym separately, not as if its a word of its own

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25
What is an example of an initialism?
BBC is said with each initial (BEE BEE CEE) not as a word e.g. 'buhbuhcuh'
26
What is a neologism?
A formulated or made up word
27
What is a blend word/ portmanteau?
Words that are smushed together
28
What is an example of a blend word?
Breakfast + Lunch = Brunch
29
What is a loan word?
A word adopted by a foreign language
30
What is a synonym?
Words that have similar meaning
31
What is an antonym?
Words that have a different/ opposite meaning
32
What is a homonym?
Two or more words with different spellings but the same pronouciation or two or more words with different pronounciations but the same spelling
33
What are the two different types of homonym?
* Homophone * Homograph
34
What is a homophone?
Two or more words with different spellings but the same pronouciation
35
What is a homograph?
Two or more words with different pronounciations but the same spelling
36
What is a hypernym?
A superiordinate word, the top of a hyponymic chain, the broadest term e.g. cheese
37
What is a hyponym?
A subordinate word, lower down the hyponymic chains, a more general lexical term e.g. if hypernym cheese, hyponym could = cheddar/ goats cheese etc...
38
What is a hyponymic chain?
A chain of lexis with one hypernym at the top and hyponyms of that one hypernym proceeding
39
What are semantic/ lexical fields?
Words grouped by similar connotations
40
What is the etymology of a word?
The history or origin of that specific word
41
What is venacular?
Another term for generic English/ spoken English
42
What is a monosyllabic word?
A word that contains one syllable
43
What is a polysyllabic word?
A word that contains multiple syllables
44
What is syntax?
The order of words in a sentance
45
What are lexical items?
Another way for saying words
46
What is a triadic structure?
Another, more lexical way of saying a list of three
47
What is a connotation?
The personal and **subjective** meanings we attatch to words/ objects e.g a rose can connote love or passion
48
What is a denotation?
The factual and **objective** meanings we attatch to words e.g. a rose denotes a popular type of flower
49
What is a metaphor?
Calling an object/ person something that it is directly not
50
What is a metonym?
A figure of speech that involves replacing a word or concept with something closely associated with it e.g 'The crown' is a commonly used metonym to refer to the royal family or the reigning monarch
51
What is a text producer?
The person/ collection responsible for creating/ speaking/ writing a text
52
What is a text receiver?
The person or group of people responsible for interpreting/ reading through a text
53
What is a discourse event?
An act of communication that takes place at a specific time and location that involves text producers/ receivers; they allow for increased contextual realisation or understanding and exploration of the intent of a text to be clearer
54
What is a multi-purpose text?
Texts that appear obvious to a text receiver as having more than one purpose/ message
55
What is the primary purpose of a text?
The main or most clear/ direct or easily recognisable purpose behind a text
56
What is the secondary purpose behind a text?
An additional, more subtle purpose included in a text
57
What is the purpose of terminology such as, multi-purpose texts and primary/ secondary purpose?
To indentify a text with a somewhat euphemistic or dysphemistic attribute or viewpoint embedded (obvious = primary, less obvious = secondary)
58
What is the implied reader?
The constructed image of an idealised text interpreter/ audience made by the text producer; readers who best fit the central message/ beliefs the text presents
59
What is the actual reader?
Any group of people/ person that reads and therefore interprets a text; each reading/ interpreting a text using their own unique contexts and personal experiences
60
What is an implied writer?
A constructed/ formulated image of an idealised writer made by a text receiver; constructed by text receivers based on their own perception of the text and the type of person they would view to write it
61
What is an actual writer?
The actual 'real' group of people/ person behind the production of a text
62
Its vital when analysing texts to consider how the written message could be perceived very ____________ by a ____________ than ____________ intended by a ____________.
Its vital when analysing texts to consider how the written message could be perceived very different by a receiver than originally intended by a producer.
63
What are discourse communities?
A group of people with shared interests and belief systems that are highly likely to interpret a text in similar if not identical ways
64
What is the mode?
The physical channel of communication a text was originally created in e.g. speech or writing
65
What else can mode be viewed as?
A label for texts to highlight if it was originally a speech or piece of writing
66
What is oppositional view?
A method of defining the difference between moides by arguing that they have completely different features/ opposing characteristics
67
What are blended-mode texts?
A piece of text that contains elements of both speech and writing
68
What is the genre of a text?
A method of grouping texts based on expected and shared conventions, with 'conventions' refering to the established rules, practices, or features that are commonly found within a particular genre. These are the recognizable characteristics that help to define a genre and shape the audience's expectations e.g. in a mystery genre, typical conventions might include a crime, a detective, clues, and a suspenseful plot.
69
What is intertextuality?
A process through which texts will borrow or refer to conventions of other texts for specific purpose or effect
70
What is an example of intertextuality?
J.K. Rowling used intertextuality when borrowing the idea of entering a magical world in an unusual way in *Harry Potter* from Lewis Carroll's *Through the looking glass*; Lewis used the looking glass where Rowling used platform 93/4
71
What is prototype model?
A model for looking at differences or similarities within a category/ mode by thinking about asociations to core concept of that specified mode e.g. mode = speech, a concept in the center ring could be *spontaneity* as speeches, unlike written communications are often produced in real-time
72
Label this image of a prototype model.
73
What is a multi-modal text?
One that is written but designed to be spoken (therefore written and spoken - 2 modes)
74
What is gravitas?
A level of importance, seriousness, significance
75
What is a diametric opposition? Or when somebody’s views are diametrically opposed?
It means they are stark contrasts, when something is directly opposes something else, whether it be a viewpoint from a texts recover or two lexical items in a sentence.
76
What is Amelioration?
The act of making something better; improvement.
77
What is Pejoration?
A pejorative word is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation - Pejoration is making something negative
78
What are Collocations?
Collocations are pairs or sets of words that are typically seen together
79
What is a Semantic Shift?
When a word changes meaning through new societal trends or new aquired asocaiations or meanings
80
What is high/ low frequency lexis?
High frequency lexis = words that occur often e.g. everyday lang, colloquialisms Low frequency lexis = words that do not occur often e.g. formal lang, jargon

ALEVEL English Lang AQA (19 decks)

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