Last Exam Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Spearman’s Theory of General Intelligence “g”
A
Overall intelligence has one metric (g)
If you are smart in one area, it means you must be smart in others
Intelligence Clusters
2
Q
H. Garderner’s Theory of intelligence
A
Intelligence is broken into eight distinct areas: Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic Visual-spatial Musical Bodily-kinaesthetic Verbal-linguistic Logical-mathematical
3
Q
Intrapersonal intelligence
A
“self smart” in tune with your own emotions
“know thyself”
4
Q
Visual-spacial intelligence
A
“picture smart” likely good at creating visual art
5
Q
Musical intelligence
A
“sound smart” good at understanding/creating music
6
Q
Bodily-Kinesthetic intellignece
A
“body smart” Good at spacial awareness/bodily awareness
7
Q
Interpersonal intelligence
A
“people smart” good at understanding others emotions
8
Q
Verbal-linguistic intelligence
A
“word smart” good at writing
9
Q
Gardner’s Logical-mathematical intelligence
A
“logic smart” good with numbers and logical systems
10
Q
Naturalistic intelligence
A
“nature smart” good with the natural world (animals, plants, rivers and such)
11
Q
What is the DSM-5?
A
- Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
- it is currently in its fifth edition.
- Classifies, defines, and describes 400 disorders.
Developed by the American PSYCHIATRIC association
12
Q
What are some of the advantages of classifying with the DSM-5. why is important?
A
• DIAGNOSE ACCURATELY so that we can plan treatment – however, there are no treatments in the DSM5; treatment is in the literature.
• LEGAL REASONS: Whether a person is competent to stand trial
• RESEARCH – to evaluate treatments; have to have agreed upon criteria sets.
• ECONOMIC – determine social assistance payments.; different rates of social assistance help depending on functionality.
(2 or more medical professionals diagnose an individual and determine if they should provide higher level assistance).
13
Q
What are some disadvantages of classifying psychological disorders with the DSM-5?
A
- Labelling and stigma p. 556 – apply label to someone and start to see people as their diagnosis.
- Rejection for many life opportunities. (Job, promotion, etc.,)
- Pathologize ‘normal’ behaviour – even normal behaviours may be seen in a new lens.. see diagnosis instead of human. Behaviours may be totally normal, and you may just see them differently.
14
Q
Define: Etiology
A
causes of a disorder
15
Q
Define: Diagnosis
A
identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disorder from another
16
Q
Name the 4 kinds of anxiety disorders
A
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Panic disorder
- agoraphobia
- specific phobias
17
Q
what are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?
A
• Persistent, uncontrollable worry, often about minor things.
Symptoms:
- Persists for more than 6-months
- 2/3rds are women
- Constant worry, agitation and sleep-disturbance.
- Comorbid (often diagnosed with) with a depressed mood
- Potentially high blood pressure.
18
Q
What are the symptoms of panic disorder?
A
- Experience of unexpected and severe panic attacks that are brief in duration.
- Can be triggered by something external, or something internal.
- More commonly an internal que.
- Incudes intense psychological and physical symptoms
- Sometimes associated with agoraphobia
19
Q
What are the symptoms of agoraphobia?
A
Fear and avoidance of situations: unsafe (can’t get help) and inescapable.
A. Marked fear or anxiety about two or more of the following ive situations:
• Using public transportation
• Being in open spaces
• Being in enclosed spaces
• Standing in line or being in a crowd
• Being outside of the home alone.
Or
B.
• Worried that escape or help is difficult if a person becomes incapacitated.
20
Q
What are the symptoms of having ‘ specific phobias’
A
- Irrational fear and avoidance of objects or situations (p. 564)
- Debilitating causes disruption in person’s life.
- Really beyond normal range of fear.
21
Q
what are some of the biological causes (ethology) of anxiety disorders?
A
- if there is low activity within the GABA inhibitory messages, then an individual may experience a heightened nervous system = anxiety
- for some genetic disorders there is a genetic component
- Overactive AMYGDALA = overactive fear circuit due to traumatic experiences
- hyperactive cingulate cortex = is correlated with many anxiety disorders
22
Q
Stenberg’s Triacrchic theory of intelligence
A
“success” in life is determined by ability in three distinct areas:
Practical intelligence
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
23
Q
Practical intelligence
A
Ability to navigate your environment
Think about the very best landscaper there ever was
24
Q
Stenberg’s Analytical Intelligence
A
Academic problem solving
think about the very best accountant at the accounting firm
25
what are some of the behavioural (psychological
) causes (etiology) of anxiety disorders?
hint.. 2 factor model applies here
- CC + NR (classical conditioning + negative reinforcement) --> described fully bellow :
-stimulus generalization
______________________________-
Fear --> stimulus generalization --> negative reinforcement = anxiety
This model is explained with the 2 Factor theory.
```
step 1: classical conditioning:
unconditioned stimulus (dog bite) = Conditioned response (classically conditioned fear of dogs) = reinforcement of fear of dogs
```
step 2: Negative Reinforcement:
strong fear response act as a stimulus or drive = overt avoidance response.
this explains the development of a lot of anxiety disorders.
another example using this model...
Driving Phobia = neutral stimulus at first that evolves to something scary + pain due to car accident --> fear and anxiety about driving --> asked to drive after accident = experienced anxiety…. --> avoid driving; anxiety subsides… === therefore the reduced anxiety from avoidance will lead to more avoidance in the future.
26
What are some of the psychosocial causes (ethology) of anxiety disorders? (2 items)
observational learning = learn what to fear by observing others
hypervigiliance = misinterpret neutral events as dangerous or threatening
27
what are some of the cultural/social causes (ethology) of anxiety disorders?
stressful life events:
e. g.
- death in family
- problematic relationships.
28
What are two mood disorders?
Major depressive disorder,
| bipolar
29
What is the difference between Major depressive disorder and Bipolar?
Bipolar = major depressive episodes that alternate with manic episodes
major depressive disorder = depressy only
30
what's the difference between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2
bipolar 1 = major depressive episode that alternates with regular manic episodes
bipolar 2 = major depressive episode that alternates with HYPOmanic episodes
31
what is the difference between mania and hypomania?
mania lasts for 1 week
hypomania lasts for about 4 days (less severe than mania)
32
symptoms of mania:
symptoms last for 1 week or more, and include:
• Hyperactive and rapid speech
• Decreased need for sleep
• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
33
what are the symptoms of hypomania?
• Less severe than mania
• Lasts about 4 days rather than 1 week +
• Duration is shorter.
Includes symptoms like:
- A distinct period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
- Does not cause marked impairments in social or occupational functioning and only lasts four days.
34
what is the biggest concern with bipolar 2?
bipolar 2 is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
Some medications should not be given to individuals with bipolar 2 (only bipolar 1 people should have).
35
What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?
1. During a one-month period, two of the following must occur, and one must be either a, b, or c
- Delusions = false beliefs
- Hallucinations = false sensory input (auditory hallucinations are the most common)
- Disorganized speech – incoherence, derailment or disorganization
- Abnormal psychomotor
- Negative symptom (flat affect, reduced speech)
2. Impairment in school, work, interpersonal, social, self-care below prior level
3. Disturbance for six months with one month full and active symptoms.
36
What are the biological causes (ethology) of schizophrenia?
1) Brian abnormalities in ventricles (enlarged), loss of cortical tissue in FRONTAL AND TEMPORAL LOBES.
2) dopamine theory: overactive or too many D4 receptors
37
What are the social (environmental) causes [etiology] of schizophrenia?
- socially isolated before onset of disorder
| - childhood abuse
38
what are two of the most respected manuals for diagnosing mental illnesses?
DSM-5 and
| ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases 11th)
39
What is the biopsychosocial model?
The biopsychosocial model is an inter-disciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. that influence our behaviours, thoughts, and feelings
40
Who is David Rosenhan?
Dr. Rosenhan and seven colleagues ‘faked’ one symptom:
Went to different hospitals in the state and faked one symptom.
They said that they heard voices that said: “empty, dull, thud”
The minute that they were amitted to the hospital, they abandoned their symptom and acted normally.
What they found is that they were all diagnosed as schizophrenic.; when they left they had schizophrenia in remission. but found the whole experience to be dehumanizing.
** he knew there was a problem with the diagnosing process**
His purpose: are we capable of distinguishing between normal and abnormal?
no.
41
What was river view?
one large psych ward for BC
42
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the de-institutionalism of psych wards?
Advantages of de-institutionalism of psych wards
• Increased quality of life for some (more social, recreational, family opportunities and activities)
Disadvantages:
• Supports and funding did not initially follow all patients into community
– some say that we are still struggling with funding. People got out of institutions, and there was not the proper support to help people properly.
Consequences of the deinstitutionalizing movement…
- Homelessness, individuals with mental illness struggling
- Double edged sword…
43
What are the positive, negative, and psychomotor symptoms That Larry had from the video.. (a patient with of schizophrenia)
Positive symptoms:
“The presence of certain symptoms”
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
Negative symptoms:
“The absence of certain symptoms”
• Avolition - lack of energy
• Flat affect - affect = the way they display their emotions.
Psychomotor symptoms
• Catatonia – awkward movements, postures, gestures
44
What is the main assumption of psychoanalytic therapies?
problems are caused by past unconscious impulses, tension or conflicts.
45
What is free association?
- verbalize all unconscious thoughts
- goal is to gain insight into the unconscious (only possible through the preconscious)
- bring things that are bellow the surface up to the surface
- "talk therapy"
46
what is catharsis?
the typical end result from pyschoanalytic therapy...
basically after you talk it out you gain a sense of relief thereafter.
47
What is Transference?
• By-product of free association: act and feel towards therapists as you did toward important person in your life.
- can be a person that a person has had troubles with in the past
- this is why you typically don’t sit face to face with the client.
• May be used to overcome resistance and promote insight
48
What is dream analysis?
Dream analysis is the investigation of repressed feelings that can be expressed in our dreams.
49
What are biomedical therapies?
• Medications, psychosurgery, ect
50
Shebib... (1997)
might have to know?
- the question posed is is psychotherapy useful?
research design:
half run by therapists; half run by "warm" peers (empathetic ear)
main findings:
• Both groups impvoved more than those with no intervention (waitlist)
• Twist – by midpoint “warlm” group members improved significantly
• Those int the “therapist” group got worse
6 month follow up:
• “ warm” group got worse
• “therapist” group got better
conclusion:
warm friendly therapy doesn't actually lead to change.
51
is schizophrenia a severe form of psychopathology?
yes
52
What is an RCT?
Randomized controlled trial
| the gold standard in qualitative evidence for assessing a research design
53
What is RESISTANCE?
psychoanalytic: blocking anxious thoughts from a persons awareness
exists in the preconscious
54
What is the assumption and goal of humanistic theories?
Assumption: we all have inherit ability towards fulfillment (p. 600)
goal: reduce the obsticals that impede natural growth
55
In humanistic theory, what are the main problems due to?
- lack of self-understanding and self acceptance
| - conditional living.
56
What are some ways that humanistic therapy suggests we can grow from?
1. Empathy
2. Unconditional positive regard
3. Active listening.
57
Define: empathetic understanding
as much as possible: accurately sense the experience of another person (even if momentarily)
you can do this by:
A. perspective taking - suspending judgement to see it form another's viewpoint
B. Emotional contagion - identify with their feerlings
C. Genuine concern - about the persons wellbeing
58
What is Unconditional positive regard (UPR)
support. acceptance without qualification / judgement
| - behaviour can still be corrected (you don't have to accept problematic actions)
59
In the humanistic perspective...
you may recognize that the behaviour is harmful while SIMULTANEOUSLY assuring the client of being worthy of acceptance.
just a fact
60
What are 3 ways to improve active listening?
1. paraphrase - be reflective, summarize and check understanding
2. invite clarification - ask "what might be an example of that"
3. Reflect feelings - if you notice intensity in body language: "it sounds frustrating"
61
what is this an example of?
" I love you and always will, however, I am disappointed"
Unconditional positive regard? I think
62
How does the DSM-5 classify major depressive disorder?
- depressed mood most of the time
- dramatically reduce interest or enjoyment in most activities most of the time
- challenges regulating apatite and weight
- challenges regulating sleep
- physical agitation or lethargy
- feeling listless or with much less energy
- feeling worthless
- problems in thinking, concentrating, or decision making
- repetitive thoughts of death and suicide
63
Stenbergs Creative intelligence
Ability to generate new ideas in novel situations
| Think the artsiest one at the art gallery
64
What mental disorder are these symptoms representative of?
Symptoms
Fear of contamination or dirt.
Doubting and having difficulty tolerating uncertainty.
Needing things orderly and symmetrical.
Aggressive or horrific thoughts about losing control and harming yourself or others.
OCD
65
What mental disorder are these symptoms representative of?
Symptoms
Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness.
Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters.
Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports.
Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much.
Major depressive disorder
66
What mental disorder might these symptoms suggest?:
Persistent worrying or anxiety about a number of areas that are out of proportion to the impact of the events
Overthinking plans and solutions to all possible worst-case outcomes
Perceiving situations and events as threatening, even when they aren't
Difficulty handling uncertainty
Indecisiveness and fear of making the wrong decision
Inability to set aside or let go of a worry
Inability to relax, feeling restless, and feeling keyed up or on edge
Difficulty concentrating, or the feeling that your mind "goes blank"
Generalized anxiety disorder
67
What mental disorder might these symptoms suggest?:
Leaving home alone
Crowds or waiting in line
Enclosed spaces, such as movie theaters, elevators or small stores
Open spaces, such as parking lots, bridges or malls
Using public transportation, such as a bus, plane or train
Agoraphobia
68
What mental disorder might these symptoms indicate?:
```
Pounding or racing heart.
Sweating.
Chills.
Trembling.
Difficulty breathing.
Weakness or dizziness.
Tingly or numb hands.
Chest pain.
```
panic disorder
69
Why was Pinel important? what did he say that revolutionized the way we deal with the mentally ill?
Pinel (1745-1826) insisted that madness was not due to
| demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind.
70
Reliability of an intelligence test
Ability for a intelligence test to, when retaken, give consistent scores from the first time it was taken
71
Validity of an intelligence test
Ability for an intelligence test to accurately measure what it states it measures
72
humanistic and psychoanalytic theories are unscientific
73
Behavioural therapy:
what is the assumption?
what is the goal
assumption: maladaptive behaviour is learned.
maladaptive = psychologically unhealthy
"if we identify unhealthy behaviour then we can change it"
goal: increase frequency of desired behaviours and/ or decrease that of problem behaviours
74
neutral stimulus = before the conditioning has occurred.
e.g. nighttime, neutral at first.. paired with assault = fear.
bill says follow the neutral stimulus
75
what is counter conditioning?
what is a helpful therapy for this?
exposure therapy
76
what is exposure therapy?
confront object that causes anxiety (a way of counter conditioning)
77
What is systematic desensitization?
combines exposure therapy & relaxation in a graduated sequence (e.g. exam anxiety)
(do it in a smart, systematic way [graduated way])
78
what is the main assumption of systematic desensitization
assumption: person cannot be relaxed and fearful/anxious at the same time.
79
what is progressive relaxation?
method in systematic desensatizatoin
*muscle relaxation*
starting at feet, move slowly up body to face.
tense feet. relax feet.
tense lower legs. relax lower legs.
ect.
tense each muscle for 5 seconds before relaxing the muscle
min 15 minutes
80
a behavioural therapy technique for anxiety (e.g. about an exam) would be a month before the exam, when you notice anxiety, to stop what you are doing and do the progressive relaxation technique, AND THEN study for an hour.
continue this in durations
dunno if we need to know this.
81
What is aversion therapy?
person is exposed to a (triggering) stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort (adverse stimulus)
this is usually only attempted in serious cases.
extreme caution is warranted:
an example of this is when you are trying to get someone to quit their addition, is you add a drug called Antabuse to their drink to cause them to become nauseous... then sometimes the sight of a drink will cause them to become nauseous.
82
behavioural therapy DOES use scientific methods.
83
what is the desired outcome of behavioural therapy
modifying behaviour may have the side benefit of altering our thoughts, attitudes, ect.
84
What are some of the assumptions and goals of cognitive therapy?
Who is DR. Aaron Beck?
Assumption: some problems are caused by irrational, rigid thinking.
Goal: help people detect and dispute their automatic maladaptive thoughts
85
what are some methods in cognitive therapy that can be used to challenge distorted, rigid, or maladaptive thoughts?
1. uncover and challenge irrational thoughts & cognitive distoritions
2. alter perceptions of the future --> realistic way (hopeless to helpful)
3.
86
what is the three column method?
- reveal beliefs and automatic thoughts (uncensored thoughts)
- test beliefs: are there any cognitive distortions?
- change beliefs: realistic, rational, neutral thought
87
Cognitive distortions (know 1) there are 10
all or nothing thinking: you look at things in absolute, black and white categories.
look at thing on D2L
87
Cognitive distortions (know 1) there are 10
all or nothing thinking: you look at things in absolute, black and white categories.
overgeneralization: you view a negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat
emotional reasoning: you reason from how you feel: " I feel like an idiot, so I really must be one." or I don't feel like doing this so I'll put it off.
look at thing on D2L
88
Cognitive Therapy DOES use scientific methodology.
89
what is the desired outcome of cognitive therapy?
promotes healthy thoughts and beneficial self talk
90
biomedical therapies:
what are the assumptions
what are the goals?
assumption: disorders are due to brain functioning
1) medications
2) psychosurgery = last resort
3) electroconductivity?
91
what are antipsychotic drugs?
- overactive dopamine system?
| - > block or reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors (e.g. as a schizophrenia treatment)
92
what are antipsychotic drugs?
- overactive dopamine system?
| - > block or reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors (e.g. as a schizophrenia treatment)
92
what are antipsychotic drugs?
- overactive dopamine system?
| - > block or reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors (e.g. as a schizophrenia treatment)
92
what are antipsychotic drugs?
- overactive dopamine system?
| - > block or reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors (e.g. as a schizophrenia treatment)
92
what are antipsychotic drugs?
- overactive dopamine system?
| - > block or reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors (e.g. as a schizophrenia treatment)
92
what are antipsychotic drugs?
- overactive dopamine system?
| - > block or reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors (e.g. as a schizophrenia treatment)
93
what is (1st gen) Chlorpromazine? (thorazine)
need to know*
neuroleptic or antipsychotic to combat some of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia
dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli (auditory hallucinations)
older antipsychotic
94
What is Risperidone? (Risperdal)
newer antipsychotic (2nd gen)
reduced apathy, withdrawal
95
what is the job of the antipsychotic?
occupy the receptor site
96
first generation antipsychotics are really good at doing what? (e.g. Chlorpromazine)
what side effects do they have?
tackling positive symptoms
many side effects:
- tartive dyskinesia
97
what is tardive dyskinesia?
symptom of first gen antipsychotics
```
jaw clenching
raid eye blinking
tongue movements
lip smacking
twitching and jerking of the torso arms or legs.
```
(once it sets in its super hard to reverse symptoms.)
98
what is tardive dyskinesia?
side effect of first gen antipsychotics
```
jaw clenching
raid eye blinking
tongue movements
lip smacking
twitching and jerking of the torso arms or legs.
```
(once it sets in its super hard to reverse symptoms.)
REPETATIVE, INVOLUNTATRY PURPOSELESS MOVEMENTS
99
what are some of the things that second generation antipsychotics (e.g. risperidone) do?
- reduce positive and negative symptoms
- may reduce likelihood / severity of TD
side effects: obesity, diabetes
100
what are some things that anti anxiety drugs do?
increase neurotransmitter activity of GABA because GABA regulates inhibitory neurone (e.g. to treat panic disorder)
gaba activity increase = depresses central nervous system functioning.
e.g. Alprazolam (Xanax) = increase GABA activity
101
what are the major concerns with Xanax?
- addictive
| - many side effects such as insomnia
102
What are selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI's)
can treat mood disorders
increase activity of norepinephrine (increase blood pressure, arousal and activity);.. also increases serotonin (mood stabilizer)
an example of this is Fluoxetine (PROZAC) - blocks the reabsorption of serotonin from synapses (SSRI)
prozac = SSRI
103
what is reuptake?
reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters that are not being received by receiving neurone.
104
action of prozac:
blocks reuptake process.
keeps serotonin in synaptic gap
SSRI
105
people don't report mood elevation until 4 weeks after they start prozac.
placebo effect can work better than drug.
does not work for everyone.
106
when is it recommended to use SSRI's
moderate MDD = recommended psychotherapy and exercise.
Extreme MDD = SSRIS
107
what are the side effects of SSRI's (prozac)
108
NEED TO REVIEW ECT and PSYCHOSURGERY
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment most commonly used in patients with severe major depression or bipolar disorder that has not responded to other treatments. ECT involves a brief electrical stimulation of the brain while the patient is under anesthesia.
Psychosurgery is a type of surgical ablation or disconnection of brain tissue with the intent to alter affective or cognitive states caused by mental illness.n cases of obsessive-compulsive behaviour and occasionally in cases of severe psychosis.
109
Is OCD an anxiety disorder?
yes
110
what is a personality disorder?
borderline personality disorder
111
define psychological disorder:
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognitions, emotion regulation, or behaviour
112
name this
psychological disorder charcterisdex by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviours that reduce anxiety
anxiety disorders.
113
name this disorder:
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
generalized anxiety disorder
114
name this disorder:
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minute long episodes of incase dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followied by worry over a possible next attack
panic disorder
115
name this disorder:
marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation
specific phobia
116
name this disorder:
disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
OCD
117
name this disorder:
disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hyper vigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
PTSD
118
where is the brain most active in OCD patients?
anterior cingulate cortex & frontal area
119
name this disorder:
disorder in which a person experience, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms.. at least one of which must be either 1) depressed mood or 2) loss of interest or pleasure
Major depressive disorder
120
name this disorder:
a grou of disorders in which a person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Bipolar disorder
121
name this:
hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
mania
122
name this:
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, disorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
psychotic disorders
123
name this disorder:
a controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
dissociative disorders
124
name this disorder:
a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two ore more distinct and alternating identities
dissociative identity disorder
125
what is a personality disorder?
what are its 3 common characteristics?
inflexible and enduring behaviour patterns that impart social functioning
1) anxiety
2) eccentric or odd behaviours (magical thinking)
3) dramatic or impulsive behaviour
126
what is this disorder?
a disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
people with this are often labeled as sociopaths or psychopaths
antisocial personality disorder
