Midterm 1 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What perspective of psychology focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences?
also
Examining the nervous system (brain, ANS, ECT.) to figure out emotions memories, and sensory experiences.
A
Neuroscience
2
Q
What perspective of psychology might this sample question belong to? : How do pain messages travel rom the hand to the brain? how is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
they also might study brain circuits that cause someone to be red in the face and “hot under the collar”
A
Neuroscience.
3
Q
What perspective of psychology focused on how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes?
A
Evolutionary psychology
4
Q
what perspective of psychology might this sample question belong to? how does evolution influence behaviour tendencies?
A
evolutionary psychology
5
Q
what perspective of psychology would focus on how our genes and environment influence our individual differences?
A
behaviour genetics
6
Q
what perspective of psychology might this sample question reflect?: to what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression products of our GENES? of our ENVIRONMENT?
A
Behaviour genetics
7
Q
what perspective of psychology would focus on how behaviour springs from UNCONSCIOUS drives and conflicts?
A
psychodynamic
8
Q
what perspective of psychology might have a sample question such as: how can somebody’s personality traits and disorders be explained by unfulfilled wishes and CHILDHOOD TRAUMA?
A
psychodynamic
9
Q
what perspective of psychology focuses on how we learn OBSERVABLE responses?
Observable behaviour must be studied, what is associated with behaviour (Classical conditioning) and what precedes and follows it (operant conditioning). Focus is on history of reinforcement and punishment.
A
behavioural
10
Q
what perspective of psychology might have a sample question like: how do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? what is the most effective way to alter our behaviour, say, to loose weight or stop smoking?
A
behavioural.
11
Q
What perspective of psychology would focus on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information?
Focus is on how we process information and how this interpretation may influence our actions.
A
cognitive
12
Q
what perspective of psychology might have a sample question that would ask: how do we use information in remembering? reasoning? and solving problems?
A
cognitive
13
Q
what perspective of psychology would focus on how behaviour and thinking vary across situations and cultures
A
social-cultural
14
Q
what perspective of psychology might have a sample question like: how ar we affected by the people around us, and by our surrounding culture?
A
social-cultural
15
Q
what kind of psychology did freud study?
A
psychoanalytic
16
Q
what is humanistic psychology?
A
a perspective that got popular between 1920 and 1960
emphasized human growth potential.
closest to self help.
17
Q
what is cognitive neuroscience?
A
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
18
Q
what is psychology?
A
the science of behaviour and mental process
19
Q
what is biopsychosocial approach?
A
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
20
Q
what are the three levels of analysis?
A
biological, psychological, and social-cultural
21
Q
What are the three perspectives that fall under the biological level of analysis?
A
neuroscience, evolutionary psych, behaviour genetic
22
Q
what are the three perspectives that fall under the psychological level of analysis?
A
psychodynamic, bevhaioural, cognitive
23
Q
what is the 1 perspective that falls under the sociocultural level of analysis
A
social - cultural
24
Q
what are the guidelines for critical thinking?
A
- examine evidence that patterns are based upon. what type of supporting evidence its here (experimental, correlational, descriptive?)
- avoid emotional reasoning (want to avoid confirmation bias)
- consider alternative explanations – look at other plausible interpretations that can explain the findings/ discovery
25
define: hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
26
define overconfidence
the tendency to be more confidant than correct
27
what is perceiving order in random events?
the phenomenon that describes why people are prone to pattern seeking.
looking for patterns in random data..
this is because random sequences often don't look random.
28
what is the scientific method composed of? (3 items)
Theories, hypothesis, research and observations
29
what is a hypothesis?
testable prediction, often implied by a theory
30
what is operational definition?
careful worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study.
31
what is a theory?
an explanation using an integrated sense of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or events.
32
how do psychologists check their own biases?
operational definitions, and replication.
33
what are the three main kinds of research designs?
descriptive, correlational, experimental
34
case studies and naturalistic observation are both what?
descriptive research
35
research design that has independent variables, and dependant variables are what?
experimental research
36
You use this method if:
| … your research question is about understanding what has happened to someone (historical) and their present functioning.
Case Study
37
Example research question for this research design:
What are the coping responses of children/ youth after a family member is murdered?
it doesn’t make sense in this sort of research to do any experiments.
case study
38
An intense observation of a particular individual (multiple domains = you can understand them across their entire life: home/ school/ with peers/ ect)
- Usually only one or a few participants.
- More common in clinical settings
case study
39
Conducted in participants’ typical environment (i.e., no experimental control)
Naturalistic observation
40
Use this method if…
| … your research question is about systematically observing and recording overt actions and reactions.
Naturalistic observation
41
Example research question: What is the rate of physical bullying at Lansdowne MS during lunch time?
this isn’t a research question that you would necessarily want to draw correlation on, or do experiments on.
Naturalistic observation
42
To detect naturally occurring interactions between two or more variables. The strength and direction to which they relate.
Correlational Research
43
Use this method if…
… you wish to examine how variables are connected and it is not possible (or ethical) to experimentally control ‘particular variables. Then you just want to look at the data to see how the two things relate.
Correlational Research
44
Example:
| - Is there a relationship between smoking and the development of mental illness?
Correlational Research
45
To determine cause and effect... use what research design?
experimental
46
Use this method if…
| … you want to discover the ‘cause-effect’ about the impact of the IV (manipulated) on the DV (measured).
Experimental Research
47
what is nature vs nurture
Nature- heritability and the biological predisposition that makes a person a certain way.. Development is due to our genetic inheritance (e.g. DNA)
Nurture- environmental factors that influence how a person develops. Factors in the environment that impact development.
48
what is continuous development?
the gradual accumulation of a behaviour, skill, or knowledge.
skills and behaviour emerge slowly, like a smooth slope from youth to adulthood.
49
what is a cross sectional study vs. longitudinal study?
cross sectional study look at several age groups at one time.
longitudinal study looks at one specific age group and follows them over a long period of time.
50
what are developmental events that occur before birth referred to as?
prenatal
51
what is the developmental stage that is from conception to 2 weeks old?
"the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo"
zygote
52
what is the developmental stage that ranges from 3 to 8 weeks?
embryo
53
what is the developmental stage that goes from 9 weeks to birth
fetus
54
Stages of development:
Zygote : Embryo : Fetus
Zebras Educate Ferns
dadaddda
55
what is neonatal?
something that occurs in the month that occurs in the months after birth
56
what is a teratogen?
an agent or factor which causes an embryo harm.. some examples of teratogens are cigarets and alcohol.
57
What are 4 effects that might arise from fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
1. delayed speech development
2. altered motor skills
3. attention deficits
4. learning deficits
58
what are some ways that fetal alcohol syndrome might manifest in individuals? (4)
1. lack of normal fear (for instance running into the streets)
2. difficulty following directions
3. impulsive behaviour
4. difficulty switching from one activity to the next
59
What are the facial features of individuals who are affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
- skin folded at the corners of eyes
- low nasal bridge
- short nose
- undistinguishable philtre (groove between nose and upper lip)
- small head circumference
- small eye opening
- small midface
- thin upper lip
60
what are congenital abnormalities?
when you have something that manifests at birth
61
what are schemas?
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information...
the maturing brain builds schemas -- concepts or mental molds into which we organize our experiences
62
what is assimilation?
we interpret new experiences in terms of our existing schemas (current understandings of life).
for example, having a simple schema for a dog, for example toddlers may call all 4-legged animals dogs.
so its when you try to fit new information into a box of something that you already understand.
toddler knows the world jam, so therefore all food could mean jam.
63
what is accommodation?
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
when we interact with the world, we also adjust or accommodate our schemas (understandings of the world), to incorporate information that is provided by our new experiences..
so its creating a new category for new information, instead of trying to fit it into a previous schema.
learning the difference between a dog and a cat.
64
what is the sensorimotor stage?
the stage from birth to 2 years old which the infant knows the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
one of the main things infants learn in this stage is object pernamence and stranger anxiety
65
what is the preoperational stage?
it is the stage that lasts from about 2 to 6/7 years old at which the child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
child also learns to represent things with words and images.
kids in this stage also adopt pretend play and egocentrism
66
what stage of Piaget's development would a child learn conversion, pretend play, and egocentrism?
preoperational stage
67
what is egocentrism?
in Piagets theory the preoperational child's difficulty taking another person's point of view.
they can't see things from another person's perspective.
68
at what stage in Piaget's stage of cognitive development would an infant learn object pernamence and stranger anxiety?
sensorimotor
69
what is the concrete operational stage?
from the ages to about 7 to 11 years old,
children start thinking logically about concrete events: grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations.
the key milestones in this age are conservation and mathematical transformatinos
Conservation -- remember the video where the kids could tell that there was the same amount of liquid in two containers even if one was taller
70
at what stage in Piagets stages of cognitive development would a child be able to discern the concepts of conservation and mathematical transformations?
concrete operational
71
what is formal operational?
Last stage of Piagets theory of cognition.
from about 12 to adulthood
the child is reasoning abstractly.
they are able to understand
- abstract knowledge
- potential for mature moral reasoning
72
at what stage in Piagets stages of cognitive development might a child be able to understand abstract knowledge and mature moral reasoning?
formal operational stage
73
what are the four attachment types?
1. secure attachment
2. insecure: anxious
3: insecure: ambivalent
4. Insecure: avoidant
74
what is secure attachment?
easily accepts others, non reactive to criticism, can defuse conflicts easily.
in the strange situation thing its when the baby settles down, and begins to feel. positive and happy when the mom returns.
75
what age does a child learn object permanence?
8 months
76
what is stranger anxiety?
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning at about 8 months old
77
human attachment consists of one person providing another with a secure base from which to explore and a safe haven when distressed
yayaya
78
food and nourishment are just as important to infants as contact comfort.
eeeeeeeee
79
what is imprinting>
the process by which certain animas form strong attachments during early life
e.g. little ducklings that follow you around.
animals can imprint to anything: a person, a member of the same species, a box, a toy. ect.
humans do not imprint
80
what is the critical period?
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposuree to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
81
what did Mary ainsworths experiment set out to determine?
attachment styles
82
what is insecure: anxious attatchment?
in adults: starts a relationship/ worries about it
>> in strange situation example it would look like baby not settling down after mom returns.
83
what does insecure, ambivalent attachment look like?
after getting into a relationship, they reminisce about the 'single days'
84
what does insecure; avoidant attachment look like?
avoids close relationsips
in strange situation test.. it would look like infant shows little interest when mother returns.
85
Contact comfort: part of the bond that is established between mother and young; how the baby binds to their mother (its not just the feeding that creates the bond).
Contact comfort is more important than feeding bonding for children.
86
what are three things that are necessary to strengthen bonds with infants?
1. nourishment
2. body contact from something that is soft and warm
3. familiarity. (routines)
87
what are things that are necessary to strengthen attachment with youth?
1. consistant and fair interactions with parents
2. develop variable routines
3. adaptive problem solving strategies (minimize kids dependancy).
88
what is temperament?
an individuals type of emotional reaction and intensity. especially when you encounter new and difficult situation
89
what are the 4 types of infant temperaments?
1. the easy child (40%)
2. the slow to warm up child / shy child (15%)
3. the difficult child (10%)
4. The unique child ( 35%) blend of these temperaments.
90
does a child's temperament often persist through their life?
yes, if there is not intervention
91
What are the 4 main parenting styles?
1. Authoritative
2. Authoritarian
3. permissive
4. neglectful
92
how is the authoritative parenting style characterized?
- demanding
- rules
- responsive
- exercise control by setting rules
- encourage communication
- checking in with child
- engaged
- wants to know what is going on in Childs life
*think of an authoritative source for a paper...*
93
How is the authoritarian parenting style characterized?
- impose rules
- expect obedience
- "because I said so"
- "my way or the highway"
- strict
- wants child to respect them
- coercion and control of Childs life. "you will go to school to be a doctor"
- high discipline
- may be physical / abusive
** think of authoritarian governments*
94
how is the permissive parenting style characterized?
- no demands, no rules
- very little discipline
- parent is very warm toward child
- dont have expectations for child.
95
what is a neglectful parenting style characterized by?
- uninvolved
- they are neither demanding nor responsive
- careless
- inattentive
- do not seek close relationship with children.
96
what is Kohlberg theory of moral development?
Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning.
97
what are the 6 stages of kohlbergs theory of moral development?
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment. = obey to rules to avoid punishment
Stage 2: Self-interest = interest shifts to rewards opposed to punishment
Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity. = "good girl/boy effect. make effort to gain other's approval"
Stage 4: Authority and maintaining social order. = Orientation toward fixed rules the purpose of morality is maintaining the social order. Interpersonal accord is expanded to include the entire society
Stage 5: Social contract. = mutrual benefit, reciprocity. Morally right and legally right are not always the same. Utilitarian rules tha make life better for everyone
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles.= Morality is based on principles that transcend mutural benefit
98
what is the theory of emotions?
consists of what 3 things?
- psychological arousal
- expressive behaviour
- conscious cognition
99
what is the James & Lange Theory?
physiological arousal promotes a physical feeling.
they specifically thought the physical response came first.
your heart would start pounding before you felt fear.
Emotions are 'read out of' the psyiological signs.
example: we observe our heart racing after a threat and then fell afraid
X no cognitive processing in this theory. X
100
What is the Cannon -- Bard Theory?
thought that physiological arousal and emotion happened simultaneously
they thought that these two things were independent from each other. (not related)
*one does not cause the other, they just happen at the same time*
example: our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid
101
What was the Schachter and Singer Theory?
our experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and a conscious cognitive label.
for example, we may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement depending on the context.
102
might not have to know:
what is the Zajonc; LeDoux theory of emotions?
some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal.
example: we automatically feel started by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat
103
might not have to know:
what is the Lazarus theory of emotions?
cognitive appraisal ("is it dangerous or not") -- sometimes without our awareness -- defines emotion.
example: the sound is "just in the wind"
emotions arise when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous. we appraise the sound of the rustling bushes as the presence of a threat then e realize that "it was just the wind"
104
Define: autonomic nervous system
the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
105
define: limbic system
a complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).
106
define hippocampus
thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.
107
define amydgela
involved with the experiencing of emotions.. fear, anxiety, trauma ect ect ect
108
define cortex
The cerebral cortex is the largest site of neural integration in the central nervous system. It plays a key role in attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language, and consciousness.
109
what is the sympathetic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system directs the body's rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations. A flash flood of hormones boosts the body's alertness and heart rate, sending extra blood to the muscles
110
what is the parasympathetic nervous system?
The parasympathetic nervous system controls bodily functions when a person is at rest. Some of its activities include stimulating digestion, activating metabolism, and helping the body relax.
111
what is low and high brain pathways?
The "low road" is a fast pathway from sensory receptors to the thalamus and then to the amygdala, bypassing the cerebral cortex.
... The "high road" is a longer pathway from the thalamus to the cortex and then on to the amgydala.
//
that there are two pathways through which the amygdala's fear responses can be triggered: a fast "low road" from the thalamus to the amygdala,
and a slower "high road" that passes from the thalamus to the neocortex and only then to the amygdala,
112
do happy people see the world differently? how so?
- happy people more often see the positive things in life and view the world as a safer place to be
- happy people are more cooperative, and find more success in their careers
- often happy individuals live energized lives, and don't dwell on the negative
- happy people are more generous
113
does happiness predict future outcomes?
- happy people are more likely to get married and less likely to get divorced
- happy people generated significantly larger income
114
why does doing good promote feeling good?
acts of service, spending money on other, and giving fits rather than receiving them , as-well as random acts of kindness...
doing good feels good because it strengthens our social relationships
115
define positive psychology
a perspective that focuses on cultivating goodness within one's life. cultivating goodness in mind, community, spirituality, and creativity.
it urges to move past heavier emotions and pain and cultivate happiness and positivity
116
what are some physical symptoms of anger?
- boosts heart rate
- increases inflammation
- weakens defence against disease
- raises testosterone levels
117
what are some ways that experts suggest to manage anger?
1. wait -- doing so will reduce psychological arousal
2. find a healthy distraction or support
3. distance yourself - step away from the situation
118
when experiencing angry emotions, is it helpful to engage in catharsis?
it may have a short term effect of calmness if a person "releases" aggressive energy though fantasy or action
however catharsis is not a long term solution to rage... it often just leads to more rage
119
angry outbursts that may temporarily calm a person may eventually become reinforcing and therefore become habit forming
....
120
is anger always a destructive emotion?
```
no!
if used wisely it can have benefits:
- strength and competence
-motivates people to achieve goals
-act courageously
```
also anger that expresses a grievance in ways that promote reconciliation rater than retaliation may benefit a relationship
121
forgiveness may help release anger and calm the body
forgiveness increased blood flow to the brain regions that help people understand they own emotions and make socially appropriate decisions.
cool
122
does money increase happiness?
its important to have enough money to eat, feel control over your life, and to occasionally treat yourself to something special promotes more happiness.
- increased happiness from money is most predictable at a lower income
when you have enough money for comfort and security, then you reach an income satiation .. where gaining more money means less and less
luxury items diminishes our savouring of life's simple pleasures.
123
what is learned helplessness?
Learned helplessness happens when people or animals become conditioned to believe that a bad situation is unchangeable or inescapable
example: the dogs that got shocked. and only the ones that got an opportunity to escape the shocks in the control group kept on trying to escape the shocks. but the experimental group just expected and accepted the shocks.
124
what is compassion fatigue?
10 emotional exhaustion
2) alienation from job related activities
3) reduced performance
125
What is CISD (critical incident stress debriefing)
after a traumatic event,
the group meets 48 hours after
each persons anxieties about the traumatic event is ' normalized'
* doesn't work. can actually be more traumatic*
because
- may be too soon
- some people might need to independently process
- natural recovery process differs
126
what is emotion - focused coping?
attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor.
- watching tv (distraction)
- take a walk (remove self from situation)
- talk to a friend
- use of substances
the results of this kind of coping is you might feel better short term but there is no impact on the stressor
127
What is problem- focused coping?
attempting to reduce stress by changing the circumstances of a situation.
impact the stressor
stressed about an exam...? study for it
the results of this kind of coping is you might solve or change your view of the stressor
128
to cope effectively you have to look at the stressor and determine if it is something that can be changed or not.
emotion / problem focused coping
129
what are the 4 rules for coping?
1) how you cope is important.
2) even the perception of control can be useful and healthy
3) in most situations the "type" of control matters
4) you can build your own sense of control
130
what is meant by " even the perception of control can be useful and healthy"
thinking w have control in our lives is a powerful and helpful idea and guards against learned helplessness.
remember : the seniors home experimental group who got increased responsibilities. the outcome was that they lived longer and had more cognition than the control group.
131
What is Internal vs. external control?
internal control is where you believe that you control the consequences of your behaviour and can make your own decisions. ( often thinks of how you can impact situations).
external control is where you believe that everything is up to fate, and that circumstances are due to chance and luck .
132
how can you build your own sense of control?
practice delay of short term gratification to reach rewards.
effortful practice to lead to self help disciple
133
define explanatory style:
Explanatory style is a psychological attribute that indicates how people explain to themselves why they experience a particular event, either positive or negative
what we expect from the world influences how we cope with stress.
pessimists expect things to go badly, so they attribute their poor performance to basic lack of ability, and things being beyond their control
optimists do the opposite by expecting more control, coping ability, and better health.
134
what is personal control?
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
135
what is a good method for reducing stress?
aerobic exercise, relaxation and meditation, faith communities and health
