Last Min Info!

Question 1

anabolic rxn
- catabolic rxn

Answer 1

a rxn that builds larger, complex molecules (macromolecules)
- rxn that builds smaller, noncomplex molecules

Question 2

carbohydrates can be easily converted to….

Answer 2

glucose

Question 3

glycolysis

Answer 3

glucose being broken down by respiration or fermentation

Question 4

what are carbohydrates made of?
- what do they break down into?
- what are they AKA?

Answer 4

C, H, O
- sugars, glucose
- polysaccharides

Question 5

lipids are soluble in _____ solvents
- what kind of bonds do they have?
- fats
- fatty acids

Answer 5

nonpolar
- C-H bonds
- aka triglycerides, made of long chains of fatty acids
- chains with C at one end and a carboxylic acid group on the other

Question 6

glycerides are ____
- 2 examples?

Answer 6

lipids
- fat and oil

Question 7

proteins are ____
- peptide
- how are amino acids formed?
- what is a chain of amino acids made up of?

Answer 7

polypeptides
- a compound of 2 or more amino acids
- by the partial hydrolysis of a protein, which forms an amide bond
- a carboxylic acid group, an amine group, a central C atom, and an R group

Question 8

enzymes are ____ with strong ____ power
- what is an unusual quality of enzymes?

Answer 8

proteins; catalytic
- they are not permanently consumed in their rxns

Question 9

nucleic acids are broken down by ____ to produce shorter strings of ____ and ____
- olgionucleotides are broken down into….

Answer 9

enzymes; DNA; RNA
- smaller sugar nitrogenous units called nucleosides

Question 10

RNA and DNA are _____ formed from ____, which are monomeric units joined by ____ bonds
- what is used to synthesize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins?

Answer 10

macromolecular nucleic acid polymers; phosphodiester
- nitrogen fixation

Question 11

nucleic acids are important ____
- ____ is an RNA nucleotide
- nucleosides

Answer 11

catalysts
- ATP
- made of a 5 C sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphates

Question 12

there are ____ codons and ____ amino acids

Answer 12

64; 20

Question 13

what is the start codon?
- stop codons?

Answer 13

AUG (methionine)
- UAA, UGA, UAG

Question 14

DNA replication is controlled by ____
- helicase
- origin of replication
- replication fork
- each strand of DNA is transcribed by ____

Answer 14

enzymes
- enzyme that starts the deforming of hydrogen bonds between the bases to split the 2 strands
- where the splitting starts
- the portion of the DNA that is unwound to be replicated
- mRNA

Question 15

what do viruses use RNA for?
- what are the 3 types of RNA?

Answer 15

to carry their genetic material to DNA
- messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA

Question 16

• rRNA
  -mRNA
• tRNA
• translation
• transcription

Answer 16

• can be used to study relationships between organisms bc it is not believed to have changed much over time
• carries a copy of a strand of DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
• helps in translation and is found in the cytoplasm
• ribosomes use transcribed RNA to assemble a protein
• RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA

Question 17

what are Mendel’s 3 laws?

Answer 17

1. law of segregation: there are 2 alleles and half of the total # of alleles are contributed by each parent organism
2. law of independent assortment: traits are passed on randomly and not influences by other traits
3. law of dominance: when 2 diff alleles are present in a pair, the dominant one is expressed

Question 18

allele

Answer 18

a variation of a gene

Question 19

co-dominance
- incomplete dominance
- polygenetic inheritance

Answer 19

the expression of both alleles so that both traits are shown
- when both the dominant and recessive genes are expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is a mix of the 2
- traits that are influenced by more than one gene, takes into account environmental influences

Question 20

what is a prime example of a case where there are more than 2 possibilites for what 2 alleles might be?

Answer 20

blood typing

Question 21

neutral atom

Answer 21

an atom that has an equal # of protons and neutrons

Question 22

atomic radius

Answer 22

avg distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron

Question 23

isotopes
- stable isotope
- radioactive isotope

Answer 23

atoms of the same element that vary in their # of neutrons
- isotopes that have not been observed to decay
- have unstable nuclei and can undergo spontaneous rxns which results in radiation being emitted

Question 24

stable electron arrangement
- bonding behavior
- how many electrons can there be in each valence shell?

Answer 24

when an atom has all its electrons in the lowest available positions
- determined by the # of the valence electrons
- 1st shell: 2
2nd: 8
3rd: 18
4th: 32

Question 25

ionic bonding - covalent bonding - hydrogen bonding

Answer 25

when an atom gains/loses electrons it becomes negatively/positively charged, turning it into an ion. a relationship between 2 oppositely charged ions - atoms that share electrons. if the electrons are shared equally, the bond is nonpolar. if the electrons are shared unequally, the bond is polar - the atom of a molecule interacts with a H atom

Question 26

covalent bonding occurs most frequently between atoms with ____ - ____ are more likely to form covalent bonds

Answer 26

similar electronegativites - nonmetals

Question 27

if the electronegativity between 2 atoms is small, the atoms form a ____ bond - if the difference is large, the atoms form a ____ bond

Answer 27

polar covalent - pure nonpolar covalent

Question 28

what are the metalloids on the PT?

Answer 28

B, Sb, At, As, Si, Te, Ge

Question 29

intensive properties - extensive properties

Answer 29

do not depend on the amount of matter or quantity of the sample - do depend on " "

Question 30

specific heat - formula?

Answer 30

the heat capacity per unit mass - Q= mc (change in)T where c: specific heat capacity

Question 31

water has: - ____ bonding - high/ low specific heat - high/ low heat of vaporization - is ____, meaning it is attracted to itself - ____, meaning it attracts other molecules

Answer 31

hydrogen - high - high - cohesive - adhesive

Question 32

hydrogen bonds are an important part of what 3 things?

Answer 32

proteins, nucleic acids, DNA

Question 33

what are the 3 passive transport systems?

Answer 33

simple diff, facilitated diff, osmosis

Question 34

- facilitated diffusion - osmosis

Answer 34

- occurs when specific molecules are transported by a specific carrier protein - the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable mem. from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration

Question 35

- fusion - sublimination - deposition

Answer 35

- melting (solid to liquid) - solid to gas - gas to solid

Question 36

the speed of the evaporation process is affected by ____

Answer 36

atmospheric pressure

Question 37

law of conservation of mass

Answer 37

in a chemical rxn, matter is neither created nor destroyed

Question 38

what are the 4 types of separation processes?

Answer 38

filtration, crystallization, distillation, chromatography

Question 39

in an acid base rxn, when a proton is donated, the base becomes ____ and the remaining ions form ____

Answer 39

water; a salt

Question 40

pH - pH indicator - halochromic

Answer 40

a measure of the concentration of H ions - substance that detects H ions - substance that changes color to indicate amount of H ions

Question 41

what is a commonly known weak acid?

Answer 41

acetic acid

Question 42

salts are formed during ____ rxns, are ____ compounds, and dissociate in water

Answer 42

acid base; ionic

Question 43

what are the following used for: - graduated cylinders - burette - erlenmeyer flasks/ volumetric flasks - pipette

Answer 43

- precise measurements - dispense liquid - measure liquids - measure small amounts of liquid

Question 44

quantitative observation - qualitative observation

Answer 44

when a numeric measurement is taken - when something is evaluated based on feeling or preference

Question 45

positive control - negative control - independent variable

Answer 45

variable that researcher expects to have an effect - placebos - manipulated variable