Last min revision Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Yi-Fu Tuan
A
- suggests that attachment grows over time
- if you have more experiences, you are more likely to be attached
2
Q
place character
A
- specific attributes of a place that make it unique
- affected by endogenous and exogenous factors
3
Q
infrastructure as an endogenous factor
A
- built services that enhance or are essential to living conditions
- transport, hospitals
4
Q
germany people as an exogenous factor example
A
- germany has 1.4 million asylum seekers integrated unto society
5
Q
exogenous factors examples
A
- people
- money and investment
- recourses
- ideas
6
Q
gentrification
A
renovation and improvement of housing to suit a middle class audience, raising house prices
7
Q
place meaning
A
- the subjective and emotional significance people attach to a location, shaped by personal experiences
8
Q
forces of change
A
- community groups
- governments
- TNCs
- international organisations
9
Q
what is place meaning shaped by
A
past and present connections
10
Q
example of past connections shaping place meaning
A
- Liverpool
- Shaped by Maritime and Colonial History
- 18th–19th Century Atlantic Trade: Liverpool was a major port in the transatlantic slave trade
- Historic docks have been repurposed into museums
- Liverpool’s maritime and musical past (e.g., The Beatles) attracts global visitors
11
Q
rebranding
A
process by which forces of change aim to adapt place meaning
12
Q
what does rebranding involve
A
- advertising
- regeneration
- positive media coverage
- reimaging
- place marketing
13
Q
how to community groups help rebranding
A
- may levy media groups to positively or negatively portray a place
14
Q
how do governments help rebranding
A
may set out strategies such as improving infrastructure
15
Q
reimaging
A
- Changing negative perceptions of a place
- brighton
16
Q
place marketing
A
Actively promoting a place to attract visitors, investors, or residents.
17
Q
How can government agencies influence place-meaning ?
A
Through planning, regeneration, and branding
17
Q
How do corporate bodies shape place-meaning?
A
Corporations use development and branding (e.g., retail centres) to promote consumerist identities
17
Q
How do local or community groups affect place-meaning?
A
By promoting lived experiences through campaigns, events, or resistance to change
18
Q
Where is Detroit located and why is it significant?
A
- Detroit is in the state of Michigan, USA.
- was once the centre of the U.S. auto industry, nicknamed “Motor City”
19
Q
What caused Detroit’s economic decline?
A
- Deindustrialisation
- outsourcing of car manufacturing
- global competition
- led to mass job losses from the 1950s onwards.
- The 2008 financial crisis worsened the situation.
20
Q
When did Detroit declare bankruptcy and why was this significant?
A
2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to declare bankruptcy due to $18 billion in debt
21
Q
How has economic change created social inequalities in Detroit?
A
- High unemployment, abandoned homes, poor education
- Affluent areas like Midtown contrast with neglected neighbourhoods like the East Side.
22
Q
What demographic changes have occurred in Detroit?
A
- 77% of the population is now Black.
- population decline
23
What are some lived experiences of people in Detroit today?
Experiences vary: some face poverty and crime, while others in gentrified areas benefit from new developments
24
How has regeneration affected Detroit’s place-meaning?
Downtown Detroit has been rebranded as a centre for innovation and art. Gentrification has improved the image but also displaced low-income residents
25
How does Detroit reflect continuity and change in place-identity?
Once known for industry and prosperity, Detroit’s identity shifted to urban decline
26
What quantitative population data illustrates Detroit’s decline?
Detroit’s population fell by 65% from 1950 to 2020 (U.S. Census).
- reflects white flight, deindustrialisation
27
What does unemployment data reveal about social inequality in Detroit?
In 2010, unemployment peaked at 25%
28
What poverty statistics illustrate inequality in Detroit?
2023, around 30% of Detroit residents live in poverty
29
What qualitative data sources capture lived experience in Detroit?
- documentaries like “Detropia” portray post-industrial struggle
- 8 mile
- Murals reclaim space and reflect residents’ identity
30
Name four key environmental factors influencing population characteristics.
Climate, soils, topography, and water supply
31
How does climate influence population distribution?
- Temperate climates support dense populations due to favourable conditions for agriculture, health, and living
- Extreme climates (arid or polar) tend to have sparse populations.
32
In what ways does water availability influence population characteristics?
Access to water supports:
- drinking
- agriculture
- sanitation
- essential for sustaining dense populations and good health.
33
How does soil quality affect human populations?
- Fertile soils support food production and attract dense populations
- poor soils can lead to food insecurity and malnutrition.
34
How can environmental factors influence fertility rates?
In areas with poor health and high child mortality (often due to environmental conditions), fertility rates are typically higher.
34
Give an example of a population influenced by environmental context.
- Dense populations in the Nile Delta benefit from fertile soils and water
- the Sahara has sparse populations due to aridity.
35
Define population distribution.
The way people are spread out across a given area.
36
Define population density.
The number of people per unit area
37
Describe the global pattern of population numbers.
High in Asia (e.g., China, India), moderate in Africa and Europe, low in areas like Greenland and central Australia.
38
What are the global patterns of food production?
Major food producers include countries like the USA, China, Brazil, and India, where large-scale commercial agriculture dominates.
39
What are the global patterns of food consumption?
High levels of food consumption occur in developed countries; developing countries often face undernourishment and lower calorie intake.
40
What is an agricultural system?
refers to the inputs and outputs involved in growing crops or raising livestock, e.g., arable, pastoral, intensive, or extensive farming.
41
Define agricultural productivity.
The output of crops or livestock per unit of input (e.g., land, labour, fertiliser) or per hectare of land.
41
How does climate influence agricultural productivity?
- Temperature
- rainfall
- growing season length
directly affect crop yields and livestock health. Extreme climates can reduce productivity.
42
How do soils influence agriculture?
- Soil depth
- fertility
- drainage
- determine which crops can be grown and how productive the land is.
43
What are two major climatic types used to study population and climate?
- Equatorial (e.g., Amazon, Congo Basin)
- Semi-arid (e.g., Sahel region)
44
What are the key features of the equatorial climate?
- Hot (25–30°C all year)
- High rainfall (>2000mm annually)
- Humid and stable conditions
45
How does the equatorial climate affect human activity?
- Supports tropical agriculture (e.g. cocoa, rice)
- High disease risk (e.g. malaria)
- Poor soils (leaching), limits large-scale farming
46
What are the key features of the semi-arid climate?
- Hot and dry
- Rainfall: 250–500mm/year
- Frequent droughts, unreliable rainfall
47
How does the semi-arid climate affect human activity?
- Low population density
- Mostly subsistence farming
- High risk of crop failure and famine
48
How does climate influence population density in each type?
- Equatorial: Moderate density near rivers
- Semi-arid: Sparse population due to water scarcity and poor farming
49
How is agriculture affected by climate change in equatorial regions?
- More intense rainfall and flooding
- Crop yields fall due to extreme weather and pests
- Forest degradation affects local farming
50
How is agriculture affected by climate change in semi-arid regions?
- More droughts, desertification
- Shorter growing seasons
- Reduced food security, migration pressure
51
What is soil erosion and what causes it in farming areas?
- The removal of topsoil by wind or water
- Caused by overgrazing, deforestation, and ploughing on slopes
52
How can soil erosion be managed in agriculture?
- Contour ploughing, terracing, planting cover crops, and maintaining vegetation to stabilise soil
53
What is waterlogging and what causes it?
- Saturation of soil with water, reducing oxygen for plant roots
- Caused by poor drainage, heavy rainfall, or over-irrigation
54
How can waterlogging be managed?
- Installing drainage systems, using raised beds, and improving soil structure with organic matter
55
What is salinisation and how does it occur?
- Build-up of salts in soil, especially in arid areas
- Caused by high evaporation rates and excessive irrigation
56
What is soil structural deterioration and how can it be prevented?
- Breakdown of soil structure (compaction, clumping) from overuse or heavy machinery
- Prevented by crop rotation and adding organic matter
57
How does increasing agricultural productivity help food security?
By using improved seeds, fertilisers, irrigation, and technology to boost crop yields.
58
What role does sustainable farming play in food security?
It maintains soil health and biodiversity to ensure long-term food production.
59
How can reducing food waste improve food security?
By minimising loss during harvesting, transport, and consumption, more food reaches people.
60
Why is diversifying food sources and imports important?
It reduces reliance on one crop and buffers against shortages or price shocks.
61
What are global patterns of health?
- high-income countries have better healthcare and longer life expectancy
- low-income countries face more disease and poor health outcomes.
62
What is mortality and how does it vary globally?
- death rates
- higher in low-income countries due to infectious diseases, poor sanitation, and limited healthcare.
63
What is morbidity and how do its patterns differ worldwide?
Morbidity is the prevalence of disease or illness; chronic diseases dominate in developed countries, infectious diseases more common in developing countries.
64
What is the epidemiological transition?
The shift in disease patterns where infectious diseases decline and chronic, non-communicable diseases increase as countries develop.
65
What are the main stages of the epidemiological transition?
Stage 1: High infectious disease and famine (pre-industrial)
Stage 2: Declining infectious disease,
Stage 3: Rise in chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer)
Stage 4: Delayed chronic diseases due to better healthcare
66
What are the pros and cons of the epidemiological transition?
Pros:
- Reduced deaths from infectious diseases
- Longer life expectancy
- Improved overall health and sanitation
Cons:
- Rise in chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer)
- Increased healthcare costs
- Lifestyle-related illnesses (obesity, diabetes)
67
How does climate affect disease incidence?
Warm, humid climates increase spread of diseases like malaria and dengue by supporting mosquitoes.
68
How does topography and drainage influence disease?
Poor drainage and low-lying areas cause standing water, increasing mosquito breeding and waterborne diseases.
69
What impact does air quality have on health?
Poor air quality leads to respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer.
70
What causes poor air quality?
Pollution from vehicles, factories, and burning fossil fuels.
71
How does water quality affect health?
Contaminated water causes diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
72
What are common causes of poor water quality?
Poor sanitation, sewage leaks, and agricultural runoff.
73
What role do international agencies play in global health?
agencies like the WHO coordinate disease monitoring, set health standards, and support vaccination and outbreak control worldwide.
74
How do NGOs contribute to combating disease globally?
NGOs (e.g., Doctors Without Borders) provide medical care, health education, and emergency aid in underserved and crisis areas.
75
Why are international agencies and NGOs important for global health?
They fill gaps in healthcare access, respond quickly to epidemics, and help build local healthcare capacity.
76
What is natural population change?
The change in population size caused by the difference between births and deaths (excluding migration).
77
What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?
A model showing how birth and death rates change as a country develops, causing population growth to slow and then stabilize.
78
What are the 4 main stages of the DTM?
- High birth & death rates (low growth)
- Death rates fall, birth rates high (rapid growth)
- Birth rates start to fall (growth slows)
- Low birth & death rates (population stabilizes)
79
How does age–sex composition affect population change?
A younger population usually means higher birth rates and potential for rapid growth.
80
What are cultural controls on population change?
Social, religious, and economic factors that influence birth rates, like family size preferences and contraception use.
81
What is the concept of the Demographic Dividend?
period when a country’s working-age population grows larger than dependents, potentially boosting economic growth.
82
Why doesn’t every country benefit equally from the Demographic Dividend?
It depends on investment in education, health, and job creation to utilize the larger workforce effectively.
83
What is an ecological footprint and its implication?
The area of land and water needed to support a person’s lifestyle; a large footprint means higher resource use, which can exceed carrying capacity and harm the environment.
83
What is carrying capacity?
The maximum population size an environment can sustainably support without degrading resources.
84
What are the global population prospects for the 21st century?
The world population is expected to peak around 9.7 billion by 2050 and then stabilize or slightly decline by 2100.
85
What regions are expected to see the most population growth?
Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia are projected to have the highest growth rates.
86
Which regions are expected to face population decline?
Many developed countries like Japan, parts of Europe, and Russia face declining populations due to low birth rates.
87
How will urbanization affect future population distribution?
Increasing numbers of people will live in cities, especially in developing countries, leading to megacities and urban sprawl.
88
What is a key challenge of future population growth for the environment?
Increased demand for food, water, and energy may cause resource depletion and environmental degradation.
89
How might population growth impact climate change?
More people mean higher greenhouse gas emissions unless sustainable development and clean energy are adopted.
90
what is a critical appraisal of population-environment relationships?
Population growth stresses resources but technology and policy can mitigate impacts; the relationship is complex and not solely population-driven.
91
Why is population aging important in future projections?
Aging populations may slow growth but increase healthcare and pension costs, affecting economic growth
92
two zonal soils
- latosols
- podsols
93
distribution of latosols
Tropical rainforests (hot, wet climates)
94
natural fertility of latosols
Low – heavy rainfall leaches nutrients
95
when can latosols be good for farming
- Managed properly (e.g. using fertilisers)
- Warm, wet climate allows year-round growing
96
main risk of latosols
Rapid nutrient loss if forest cover is removed
97
where are podsols found
Cool temperate climates (coniferous forests)
98
natural fertility of podsols
Very poor – acidic, nutrient-poor, often waterlogged
99
why are podsols hard to farm
- Nutrients are leached
- Iron/aluminium hardpan can form → waterlogging
- Acidity limits crop choices
100
role on NGOs in disease outbreak
- Emergency healthcare response: doctors without boarders in the 2014–16 West Africa Ebola outbreak
- Public health education: Save the Children in Somalia cholera outbreaks
- Vaccination delivery: PATH and Gavi in malaria vaccine rollout in sub-Saharan Africa
101
Key health NGOs
- doctors without boarders: Ebola (West Africa, DRC): Set up isolation centres, provided PPE & staff
- Red Cross: COVID-19: PPE distribution, vaccine support in low-income nations
- Save the Children: omalia & Ethiopia: Treating waterborne diseases in drought conditions
102
Strengths of health NGOs
- often faster than governments
- Trusted locally
- Can operate in conflict zones or failed states
103
challenges of health NGOs
- Funding limits –dependent on donations/grants
- Security risks in unstable regions
- Risk of creating dependency
104
socio-economic factors affecting food security
- Low income = low purchasing power → people can't afford sufficient or nutritious food eg. Sub Saharan Africa
- Technology access improves:
Crop yields (e.g. GMOs, irrigation)
Supply chains and distribution eg Indias green revolution
- Malnutrition affects ability to work → reduced productivity, Vicious cycle: malnutrition ↔ poverty eg. HIV/AIDS in southern Africa reduces farm labour → lower food production
105
What is the role of ASOC (Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition) in protecting Antarctica?
- Coordinates 50+ NGOs globally
- Lobbies for stricter environmental protection
- Helped ensure the Madrid Protocol (1991) banned mining
106
What role does WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) play in the Antarctic region?
- Focuses on ecosystem conservation
- Works on protecting krill populations, a key food source
- Conducts research on climate change effects on Antarctic wildlife
107
Global Supply Chain
the worldwide system of producing, transporting, and distributing goods and services, where different stages of production occur in different countries.
108
Thomas Malthus (1798):
- Population grows exponentially, food grows arithmetically
- Leads to crisis (famine, war, disease) if population exceeds food supply
109
Esther Boserup (1965)
- “Necessity is the mother of invention”
- Population growth drives innovation in agriculture
- Humans adapt to avoid crisis
110
What are key human factors influencing population distribution?
- Jobs & economy
- Infrastructure & services
- Government policies
- Urbanisation
111
ways to increase agricultural productivity
- Use of machinery: Tractors, combine harvesters, irrigation systems reduce labour needs and increase efficiency.
- Crops engineered to resist pests, tolerate drought, or increase yield (e.g. golden rice).
- Government Support: Subsidies for fertilisers,
Investment in infrastructure, Microcredit schemes help smallholders invest.
112
What are the key soil characteristics that affect agricultural productivity?
- depth
- fertility
- pH
- organic matter content
113
Why is soil depth important for crops?
Deeper soils provide more space for roots to grow and access nutrients and water.
114
What is soil fertility?
The ability of soil to supply essential nutrients for plant growth.
115
How does pH affect soil and agriculture?
Influences nutrient availability; most crops prefer neutral to slightly acidic soils.
116
What is organic matter in soil?
Decomposed plant and animal material that improves soil structure and nutrient content.
