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New GSGG Flashcards

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1
Q

Globalisation

A

the growing interdependence of countries worldwide

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2
Q

Factors of Globalisation (4)

A
  • Social
  • Economic
  • Cultural
  • Political
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3
Q

social as a factor of globalisation

A

families being able to connect easily

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4
Q

economic as a factor of globalisation

A

TNCs/goods

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5
Q

cultural as a factor of globalisation

A

foods and cultural practices

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6
Q

political as a factor of globalisation

A

international agreements

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7
Q

is globalisation a new process

A
  • globalisation is not a new process eg trade routes in India, but the speed at which it is occurring has increased
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8
Q

definition of dimensions of globalisation

A

Flows- movements around the world

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9
Q

flows of globalisation
(4)

A
  • capital
  • labour
  • services and information
  • products
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10
Q

flows of capital

A
  • money moving around the world
  • FDI, repatriation, aid and remittences
  • FDI: 2016- 1500 billion dollars, has increased since the 90s
  • aid from world bank and IMF
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11
Q

flows of labour

A
  • people moving as migrants
  • national and international
  • international migration has greatly increased
  • migrants send remittances
  • in 2014 25 percent of Nepals GDP came from remittances
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12
Q

flows of services and information

A
  • tertiary services
  • customer services eg BT in India
  • news
  • social media
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13
Q

flows of products

A
  • goods
  • previously between HICs
  • Global/Asian shift
  • China is the largest manufacturing countries
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14
Q

Global marketing

A
  • promoting and selling of product and services
  • world is viewed as one market
  • companies can have a global brand eg coke the same all over the world
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15
Q

Glocalisation

A

products are adapted for a certain location eg Mccdonalds in India doesn’t sell beef

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16
Q

past patterns of production and consumption

A
  • production of goods use to be in HICs due to industrialisation eg cars made in Detroit
  • consumption in HICs
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17
Q

present patterns of production and consumption

A
  • due to industrialisation and global shift, manufacturing has moved to Asia
  • China open door policy
  • consumption still predominantly in HICs but growing in NEEs due to growing middle classes
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18
Q

future patterns of production and consumption

A
  • USA make America great again- will production go to HICs
  • will Chinas investment in Africa lead to production being there
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19
Q

factors in globalisation

A
  • technology
  • systems and relationships
  • financial
  • transport
  • security
  • communications
  • management
  • trade agreements
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20
Q

technology as a factor for globalisation

A
  • shrinking world effect
  • world feels smaller as it is more connected
  • eg communication or travel to Australia easier
  • increases connectivity
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21
Q

systems and relationships as a factor of globalisation

A
  • just in time production, improves efficiency
  • managed through ICT
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22
Q

financial as a factor of globalisation

A
  • global financial systems governing flows of capital
  • WTO and WB
  • neo liberal policies
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23
Q

transport as a factor of globalisation

A

Container ships:
- large containers moving between ships, trains and lorries
- reduce transport times and costs

Air Transport:
- increases speed of delivery of goods
- can be expensive
- more tourists and migrants

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24
Q

security as a factor of globalisation

A
  • can contribute and limit
  • countries work together to increase security of transport
  • laws
  • can increase flow of goods
  • strict migration laws can reduce flows of people
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25
communications as a factor of globalisation
- 1960s satelites increase globalisation - internet, cheap - increases global, social and political globalisation
26
management as a factor of globalisation
- making companies efficient - global supply chains - specialisation can improve comparative advantage - outsourcing - offshoring
27
offshoring
- moving part of a company abroad - production in LIC where labour is cheaper
28
outsourcing
- employing another company to carry out certain roles - eg call foxconn apple - call centres
29
trade agreements as a factor of globalisation
- countries grouping together to govern the flows of products and labour
30
different types of trade agreements from least to most intergrated
- free trade area - customs unions - common market - political union
31
free trade area
- eliminates internal barriers but maintains external barriers - NAFTA
32
customs union
- eliminate internal barriers - one common external barrier - EU
33
common market
- removes internal barriers - one common external - free movement of labour - EU
34
political union
- eliminates internal barriers - one common external barrier - free movement of labour - uniform set of economic policies - EU
35
positive of trade agreements
- improved global peace and cooperation - less wars - all members can develop and create economies of scale - increased influence - increased movement of labour improving economic migration, improving economy
36
disadvantages of trade agreements
- NAFTA - US factories in Mexico exploiting cheaper labour - US citizens claimed jobs stolen by cheaper workers in Mexico
36
Brexit
- UK leaving the EU - example of deglobalisaiton
37
new trade agreements
- normally geographically close - trade agreements can now be across the world due to globalisation - EU and Japan, removes tarriffs to improve trade as UK left EU
38
interdependence
countries rely on each other economically, politically, socially and environmentally
39
dependency theory
- shows interdependence of different countries - core and periphery countries - periphery countries send materials and low value goods - core countries send aid, loans and waste
39
Global governance
- the emergence of norms, laws and institutions that regulate global systems - ie UN
40
UN
- formed after ww2, 1945, to promote growth and stability - 193 members in general assembly - security council made up of 5 permanent members- veto power, winners of ww2
41
UN peacekeeping force
- blue helmets - 100,000 field personal - aim to promote peace - 80 percent of field personal come from LICs and NEEs
42
UN organs
- UNICEF - FAO - WHO - IMF
43
World bank
- 185 members - aim to reduce poverty - provide technical aid
44
WTO
- deals with global rules of trade between nations - help resolve disputes
45
IMF
- regulates global economies - advises governments on development - loans to support economic development
46
SAPs
- policies countries must follow to qualify for IMF or WB loan - austerity - eg Bolivia, 2000, received a loan, water was privatised, prices doubled
47
GINI index
- measures the level of income inequality within a country - 1= unequal - south Africa= high - Ukraine= low
48
Trends and patterns of trade
- since 1980s volume and value has increased - changing pattern of production
49
differential access to markets meaning
how easily countries can access markets and trade with each other
49
reasons for change in patterns in trade
- trae blocks remove barriers - free market and neoliberal ideas promoted by international institutions - fairtrade encourages trade in LICs - Rise of middle classes in NEEs
50
Switched on to globalisation
- global economic hub - very globalised - lots of products sold and bought
51
switched off to globalisation
- little internet - little social globalisation - can't get products from across the world
52
factors that effect access to markets
- wealth- HICs can place high tariffs - trade blocs- increase globalisation - location- land locked countries struggle to trade
53
social consequences of good/bad access to markets
good access: - high paying jobs - more disposable income poor access: - less investment in services - poor working conditions as countries encourage investment through cheap labour
54
economic consequences of good/bad access to markets
good access: - high economic growth Bad access: - price of goods can fluctuate due to tariffs
55
trade embargo
a ban on trade, typically a political move - 1973 oil crises, OPEQ embargo on USA due to conflict in the middle east, oil prices in the US quadruple
56
world trade in a food commodity
- bananas - mainly grown in India, china and latin America - large internal market - largest exporters= latin America and Caribbean - consumption in EU and US - dominated by TNCs- Chiquita - colonialisation has shaped trade - 1999 EU formed agreement with former colonies - US pressured WTO as they thought it wasn't free trade - EU forced to alter rules
57
TNCs
- companies in 2 or more countries - dominate world trade - develop global supply chains
58
spatial organisation
- research and headquarters in HICs - manufacturing in LICs - sold in HICs/globally - outsourcing/offshoring
59
linkages
- how TNCs make links to expand their operation - mergers: two companies join together eg exon and mobile= exon mobile - acquisitions: facebook buys instagram in 2012 - FDI: investing money into a company or country - gives TNCs greater control of markets
60
social impacts of TNCs on host country
- skilled jobs - poor working conditions
61
economic impacts of TNCs on host country
- multiplier effect - attract investment - economic leakages
61
environmental impacts of TNCs on host country
- increased renewable technology - land, air and water pollution
61
social impacts of TNCs on origin country
- good to customers - high skilled jobs - deindustrialisation
62
economic impacts of TNCs on origin country
- low prices - dominate businesses
63
environmental impacts of TNCs on origin country
- renewable technology
64
UN peacekeepers successes
- ivory coast after civil unrest
64
UN sustainable development goals
- 17 goals for all countries set to tackle inequalities and sustainable development - 2015
65
global governance
- nations and organisations can work together to deal with threats and challenges the world faces
66
UN failures
- power of veto, unequal power - failure to act eg in Rwandan genocide 1994 - 800,000 dead
67
benefits of unequal flows of people
- remittance can lead to development and reduce dependency on aid
68
inequalities of unequal flows of people
- brain drain/ employment gap
69
injustices of unequal flows of people
- poor working conditions - fifa world cup, 14000 people died making world cup stadium in Quatar
70
conflict of unequal flows of people
- immigration laws
71
benefits of unequal flows of money
- stability from increased trade - multiplier effect
72
inequality of unequal flows of money
- internal inequality increases
73
injustices of unequal flows of money
- low wages in developing countries - modern day slavery
74
conflict of unequal flows of money
- conflict due to tariffs - environmental conflict
75
benefits of unequal flows of ideas and technology
- internet available globally - can support education
76
inequality of unequal flows of ideas and technology
- poor access to internet
77
injustices of unequal flows of ideas and technology
- censorship
78
conflict of unequal flows of ideas and technology
- ideas dominated by western views
79
benefits of globalisation
- growth - development - integration - stability
80
costs of globalisation
- inequality - injustices - conflict - environmental impacts
81
examples of negative part of globalisation
- ewaste - shipbreaking - rana plaza
82
Ewaste
- electronic waste deposited in LICs - increased due to globalisation - Ghana - broken down by burner boys to sell metals - land, water, air pollution - toxic cancerous materials eg led - high deaths - little worker protection
83
Ship breaking
- south Asia - breaking down of container ships - metal is recycled or sold - pollution to beaches and water - workers have not protection, fires can start, low wages
84
Rana Plaza
- factory collapse in Bangladesh - high street shops like H and M - 2013 - 1100 deaths

Human Geo (15 decks)

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