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Psych1000 > LCT16: Social Psychology > Flashcards

LCT16: Social Psychology Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

the study of how we influence each other

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2
Q

What can social factors cause us to do?

A

can influence us to think or do things that we normally wouldn’t think or do on our own

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3
Q

Effects of social constructs

A

the social constructs that people are placed into or among really have a major impact on how people respond and react

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4
Q

Standford Prison Experiment

A

textbook

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5
Q

Nonverbal Actions and Expressions

A

first impressions are greatly influenced by nonverbal cues

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6
Q

Which facial expression is one of the first things people notice?

A

eye contact - interpretation of facial expressions varies by culture

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7
Q

Body Language

A

“thin slices of behavior” - brief observations of body language

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8
Q

Impression Formation

A

accurate judgements can be made after only a few seconds

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9
Q

What can be predicted through observing how somebody walks for a few seconds?

A

happiness, hostility, anger, and sexual orientation

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10
Q

Attributions

A

peoples explanation for why actions and events occur, including behavior

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11
Q

“Just-World” Hypothesis

A

the need to believe that the world is fair, or that justice is served. Can lead to victim-blaming

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12
Q

Attribution Theory

A

people are motivated to draw inferences in part by a basic need for order and predictability in their lives
- tend to explain behaviors as situational or personal

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13
Q

Psychologist associated with Attribution Theory

A

Frits Helder

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14
Q

Situational attributions

A

outside events, accidents, or the actions of other people

- external, temporal

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15
Q

Personal attributions

A

within a person, such as abilities, traits, moods, or effort

- internal, dispositional

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16
Q

Self-serving bias

A

choosing explanations that are favorable to oneself - tendency to take credit for success and to deny responsibility for failures

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17
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Judging other people’s behaviors, we tend to:

  • overestimate importance of personality traits
  • underestimate importance of the situation
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18
Q

Actor/observer discrepancy

A
  • when interpreting our own behaviors, we focus on the situation
  • when interpreting others behaviors we refocus on the disposition
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19
Q

Stereotypes

A

Attitudes and beliefs about groups

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20
Q

Cognitive schemas

A

Help us organize information about people on the basis of the membership of certain groups
- do not consider variations between individuals

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21
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Tendency to behave in ways that confirm one’s own or others expectations

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22
Q

Rosenthal study of “academic blooming”

A

Textbook

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23
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Tendency for stereotypes to influence members of the stereotyped group - about performance not self-esteem

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24
Q

What do stereotypes affect?

A

Both our perception and memory

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25
Perceptual confirmation
We tend to perceive what we expect to perceive
26
What information do we remember about stereotypes?
We tend to remember the information that already matches our stereotypes
27
What does are skewed perception and memory of stereotypes create?
Illusory correlation
28
Illusory correlation
Believe a relationship exists when one does not
29
Negative stereotypes can lead to...
Prejudice and discrimination
30
Prejudice
Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs towards others are based solely on their membership in a certain group
31
Discrimination
Inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice
32
Ingroups and Outgroups
"Us versus Them"
33
Outgroup homogeneity affect
People assume that members of an out group are all alike
34
Ingroup favoritism
People favor or privilege members of their ingroup
35
How can negative stereotypes be countered?
Through learning and self-regulation
36
Between stereotyped thinking is...
Difficult and requires self-control
37
Sherif's "Robber's Cave" Experiments
Created hostility, prejudice, and discrimination, and then tried to reduce it
38
Cooperation
Together for a greater purpose I hope people overcome group hostilities
39
Superordinate goal
Task oriented cooperation
40
Peoples evaluations of objects, events, or ideas
- opinions, beliefs, and feelings - shaped by social context - shape how we evaluate and interact with other people
41
Explicit attitudes
Those you are aware of and can report
42
Implicit attitudes
Those you are not aware of | - influence feelings and behavior at an unconscious level
43
Cognitive Dissonance
And uncomfortable state that occurs when there is a contradiction between two attitudes or an attitude and a behavior
44
How do people reduce dissonance (contradiction)?
By changing their attitudes or behaviors OR rationalize or trivialize the discrepancies (the way we are thinking)
45
The "looking glass effect"
Mirrors reduce cheating on tests and eating unhealthy foods (changing behaviors to match attitude noticed)
46
Abu Ghraib
Abuse and torture can feel justified prisoners or seen as subhuman or evil (rationalization or justification of behaviors)
47
Postdecisional Dissonance
After decision, focus on the positive aspects of selected option and negative aspects of rejected option
48
Insufficient justification
Changing behavior first, with little incentive or reason. Attitude changes.
49
Psychologists associated with insufficient justification
Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)
50
The presence of others can…
Improve our performance, but sometimes impair it
51
Social facilitation
Arousal enhances the dominant response, which usually improves performance if the task is easy
52
Psychologist associated with social facilitation
Zajonc (1965)
53
Social loafing
- people work less hard in a group then when working alone | - no one person's efforts are identified
54
Deindividuation
- people sometimes lose their individuality when they become part of a group - State of reduced individuality, self-awareness, and attention to personal standards
55
Group polarization
Initial attitudes of members determine what the group is riskier or more cautious
56
Groupthink
Extreme form of group polarization that results when members are very concerned with maintaining the groups cohesiveness
57
Conformity
Altering ones behaviors and opinions to match those other people or to match other people's expectations - necessary in a civilized society, to some degree
58
How many people conformed to Solomon Asch's objective line length test?
3/4 of participants
59
Who conducted one of the most controversial studies in social psychology, and what was it over?
Stanley Milgram - obedience
60
What percent of participants completely obeyed the experimenter in the obedience studies? What about a recent replication?
- nearly two thirds (65%) | - 70%
61
Bystander Intervention Effect
failure to offer help to someone observed to be in need
62
Cases apart of the Bystander Intervention Effect
- murder of Kitty Genovese inspired the study of bystander intervention - Latane & Darley studied bystanders in many types of "emergencies" and found frequent failures to intervene
63
Four major factors in the bystander effect
1) Diffusion of responsibility 2) Fear of social blunders 3) Anonymity 4) Perceived risk
64
Prosocial Behaviors
behaviors that benefit others
65
Altruism
the providing of help in the absence of apparent rewards for doing so - linked to empathy
66
Elaberation likelihood model
A theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes
67
Social norms
Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior
68
Compliance
The tendency to agree to do things request by others

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