Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent changes due to experience, noticing patterns and making associations allows us to adapt

Question 2

behavioral psuchology

Answer 2

highly associated with learning, traditionally focused on how we learn behaviors

Question 3

conditioning

Answer 3

process of learning associations

Question 4

associative learning types

Answer 4

classical conditioning (CC) and operant conditioning (OC)

Question 5

classical conditioning

Answer 5

process by which a neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response through association with a stimulus that already produced response

Question 6

ivan pavlov

Answer 6

• discovered classical conditioning
• studied dogs and food, asscoaited the bell with the food

Question 7

components of cc

Answer 7

• unconditioned stimulus (UC)
• unconditioned response (UR)
• conditioned stimulus (CS)
• conditioned response (CR)

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

stimulus that leads to naturally produced reaction (the food)

Question 9

unconditioned response

Answer 9

automatic reaction to unconditioned stimulus (dog salivating at food)

Question 10

conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

acquired ability to produce an association (the bell)

Question 11

conditioned response

Answer 11

learned response to conditioned stimulus (dog salivating at bell)

Question 12

watson and rayner

Answer 12

• applied pavlov’s conditioning to human babies
• similar to the dogs, baby albert learned to associate a loud noise with a rat and so always feared the rat

Question 13

acquisition

Answer 13

process of learning associations
- pairing UC and CS until predictive relationship forms
- acquisition occurs more readily if CS is presented RIGHT BEFORE the US (bell RIGHT BEFORE food)

Question 14

biopreparedness

Answer 14

biologically predisposed to fear things that have been threats to us evolutionarily
- conditioned taste aversion (CTA)

Question 15

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 15

biologically predisposed to learn to associate nausea with what was eaten right beforehand
- only need to feel nauseous once to continuously avoid food that made you sick
- CS and US can be separated for hours but that one pairing will still cause avoidance

Question 16

stimulus generalization (cc)

Answer 16

the tendency to produce conditioned responses to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus
- happens automatically (if different bell sound rings, dog still salivate)

Question 17

stimulus discrimination (cc)

Answer 17

learning not to produce a conditioned response to stimuli that are similar (learning not to salivate at a bell)

Question 18

extinction (cc)

Answer 18

• decreasing frequency of conditioned response by repeatedly presenting CR without presenting US
• undoing/reversing the conditioning

Question 19

operant conditioning

Answer 19

learn to associate our own behaviors with a certain aftermath
- promotes reinforcement, avoids punishments

Question 20

OC v. CC

Answer 20

• CC (associates two stimuli), OC (associates behavior and outcomes)
• CC (reflexive), OC (voluntary behavior)
• CC (does NOT depend on behavior), OC (DOES depend on behavior)

Question 21

b. f. skinner

Answer 21

studied the skinner box/operant chamber

Question 22

shaping

Answer 22

reinforcement of behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior
- biological predispositions influence oc (some behaviors easier to condition than others)
- difficult or impossible to train animals to engage in behaviors that go against natural born instinct

Question 23

stimulus discrimination (oc)

Answer 23

occurs when an organism learns a certain consequence will occur in the presence of some stimuli but not others
- discrimination stimuli signal that behavior will lead to a particular consequence

Question 24

stimulus generalization (oc)

Answer 24

engaging in behavior in presence of stimuli similar to a discriminative generalization
- generalizing from one stimulus to other related stimuli

Question 25

what do generalization and discrimination enable us to see?

Answer 25

we can see what non-verbal organisms perceive and understand

Question 26

reinforcement

Answer 26

anything that increases the frequency of behavior that it follows - makes behavior that follows more likely to occur again - strengthens behavior, defined by impact it has on behavior

Question 27

positive reinforcement

Answer 27

adding desirable stimulus as a result of a behavior

Question 28

negative reinforcement

Answer 28

removing bad stimulus as a result of a behavior

Question 29

continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

a behavior is reinforced everytime it occurs

Question 30

partial reinforcement

Answer 30

a behavior is reinforced only sometimes it occurs

Question 31

extinction (oc)

Answer 31

decreasing frequency of behavior by removing reinforcement

Question 32

partial reinforcement extinction effect

Answer 32

tendency for behaviors maintained on partial reinforcement schedule to be more resistant to extinction

Question 33

how do organisms learn the fastest?

Answer 33

continuous reinforcement then eventually switch to partial reinforcement for longer lasting behavior

Question 34

punishment

Answer 34

anything that decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows (makes behavior it follows less likely to occur) - defined by the effect it has on behavior

Question 35

positive punishment

Answer 35

unpleasant stimulus added after a behavior

Question 36

negative punishment

Answer 36

pleasant stimulus removed after a behavior

Question 37

negative reinforcement two results

Answer 37

- weakening of behavior you want weakened - strengthening of behavior you want strengthened

Question 38

issues with punishment

Answer 38

- punisher can become a discrimnative stimulus (organism may only avoid bad behavior in your presence) - punishment can come off as reinforcement (for attention) - fear/anxiety towards punisher - can become abusive

Question 39

punishment works best if

Answer 39

- given immediately after behavior - anytime behavior occurs - explain reason for punishment

Question 40

processes involved in oc

Answer 40

consequences (reinforcement/punishment) have greater effect on behavior if it happens quickly, shortly after behavior