Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

retention of information over time

Question 2

basic memory types

Answer 2

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 3

encoding

Answer 3

getting information into memory

Question 4

storage

Answer 4

holding information in memory over time

Question 5

storage

Answer 5

holding information in memory over time

Question 6

retrieval

Answer 6

finding information in the memory

Question 7

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 7

repeating information without thinking about the meaning (phone #, grocery list)

Question 8

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 8

thinking about the meaning of the information you’re studying

Question 9

self reference effect

Answer 9

deepest processing level, most durable, linking what you study to yourself makes it easier to retrieve

Question 10

spacing effect

Answer 10

learn information better by spreading out encoding into short sessions rather than long

Question 11

testing effect

Answer 11

learn information better if you test yourself rather than just rereading

Question 12

information processing model of memory storage

Answer 12

information must pass through 3 stages of mental processing before it’s fully embedded into memory

Question 13

sensory memory

Answer 13

holds onto information from senses just long enough for you to identify it

Question 14

short term memory

Answer 14

holds onto infirmation we’re currently using for a limited amount of time

Question 15

working memory

Answer 15

allows us to do mental work (holding information in memory while you manipulate it) and make decisions, think, imagine

Question 16

storage capacity

Answer 16

immediate memory span: max number of items you can recall perfectly after one presentation

Question 17

magic number of items you can remember after one presentation

Answer 17

7 items (give or take 2)

Question 18

short term memory duration

Answer 18

lasts 18-30 seconds if you’re not actively using the information

Question 19

long term memory

Answer 19

• capable of storing all information we encounter
• once something is a long term memory, it remains there until death, disease, or injury

Question 20

explicit long term memory

Answer 20

memory of facts/experiences that we know and can state

Question 21

episodic long term memory

Answer 21

memory of our own personal life events, childhood, birthdays, graduation

Question 22

semantic long term memory

Answer 22

memory of impersonal facts, generalized knowledge of the world

Question 23

implicit long term memory

Answer 23

memory without conscious recollection (often involves unconscious influence of past experiences)

Question 24

procedural long term memory

Answer 24

memory of how to perform routine skills and automatic tasks (brush teeth, ride bike)

Question 25

retrieval

Answer 25

getting information out of memory (made easier with retrieval cues)

Question 26

retrival cues

Answer 26

- aid retrieval - info in brain stored in dense networks of association areas - spreading activation: closely related concepts activate each other

Question 27

context dependent memory

Answer 27

we remember info better if we're in the same environment where the info was learned (environment provides retrieval cues)

Question 28

state dependent memory

Answer 28

we remember info better if we're in the same physiological state we were when we learned it (emotions, caffeine, hunger level)

Question 29

reasons for forgetting

Answer 29

encoding failure

Question 30

storage decay

Answer 30

fading of unused memories over time

Question 31

displacement

Answer 31

new information replaces old information

Question 32

short term memory forgetting

Answer 32

storage decay and displacement

Question 33

retrival failure

Answer 33

information is there, you just can't access it

Question 34

long term memory forgetting

Answer 34

retrieval failure

Question 35

relearning

Answer 35

faster to relearn info than intially learn it

Question 36

hermann ebbinghaus

Answer 36

forgetting curve (anything you learn or don't use, you forget) - curve levels off - curve can reset (repeat studying at different times)

Question 37

constructing memories

Answer 37

- memory is a constructive process (add and subtract details) - we remodel memories without realizing - when you remember a long term memory, it returns to short term memory temporarily

Question 38

misinformation effect

Answer 38

exposure to new info (especially misleading info) alters our memories

Question 39

eyewitness testimony

Answer 39

witnesses can be lead to believe they saw things that never happened

Question 40

traumatic events and memory

Answer 40

repression of memories rarely occurs, we overremember traumatic events

Question 41

biological bases of memory

Answer 41

changes in brain's synpases (new ones creates or existed ones modified)

Question 42

long term potentiation

Answer 42

one neuron gets better at activating another neuron

Question 43

acetylcholine

Answer 43

neurotransmitter especially effect by alzheimers

Question 44

glutamine

Answer 44

long term potentiation process

Question 45

norepinepherine

Answer 45

facilitates encoding of emotional memories

Question 46

stress hormones

Answer 46

- facilitate encoding of emotional memory - under extreme stress only remember major things

Question 47

hippocampus

Answer 47

main structure involved in memory - essential for ability to transfer info from short term memory to long term memory - long term memories NOT stored here

Question 48

cortex

Answer 48

long term memories stored in various parts of the cortex

Question 49

amygdala

Answer 49

encoding emotional memories

Question 50

cerebellum

Answer 50

stores memories from classical conditioning

Question 51

basal ganglia

Answer 51

stores memories from procedural

Question 52

amnesia

Answer 52

brain damage from physical trauma

Question 53

retrograde amnesia

Answer 53

difficulty remembering past - occurs as a result of generalized trauma to brain - oftentimes people recover and remember earlier memories then later memories

Question 54

anterograde amnesia

Answer 54

difficulty forming memories - heavy damage to hippocampus/surrounding area - only remember new info for 18-30 seconds - can still form new implicit memories

Question 55

H.M. inspired studies

Answer 55

- he suffered from epilepsy - doctors removed parts of his temporal lobe - result: henry couldn't remember new info for more than 20 seconds