LEARNING

Question 1

define learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent change often occurring in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience

Question 2

define classical conditioning

Answer 2

learning based on pairing/ associating 2 normally unrelated stimuli

Question 3

what year did pavlov conduct his research and what on?

Answer 3

1902
classical conditioning of dogs

Question 4

define stimulus generalisation

Answer 4

generalising a response to another stimulus (due to similarity)

Question 5

define stimulus discrimination

Answer 5

when a stimulus doesn’t elicit the conditioned response because it differs significantly from the original stimulus

Question 6

define extinction

Answer 6

when repeated presentation of conditioned stimulus on its own stops eliciting a response (no longer an association between CS and UCS)

Question 7

define spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

the sudden reappearance of previously extinct conditioned response after unconditioned stimulus was absent for some time

Question 8

define Neutral stimulus

Answer 8

a stimulus that on its own, does not elicit a particular response

Question 9

define unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

a stimulus with the ability to produce a reflex response

Question 10

define unconditioned response

Answer 10

a reflexive reaction to a specific unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

define conditioned stimulus

Answer 11

a stimulus that elicits a particular response due to learning
was previously NS

Question 12

define conditioned response

Answer 12

a reflex response elicited by a previously natural stimulus as a consequence of learning

Question 13

define operant conditioning

Answer 13

learning where consequences of behaviour influence the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
through reinforcement and punishment

Question 14

define the ABC model for operant conditioning

Answer 14

A - Antecedent: stimulus occurring immediately prior to response
B - Behaviour: the observed behaviour in response the antecedent
C - Consequence: the outcome of the behaviour, affecting likelihood of occurrence

Question 15

define reinforcer

Answer 15

any stimulus strengthening/increasing the likelihood of behaviour

Question 16

positive reinforcer definition and example

Answer 16

reward strengthening response
eg. prize

Question 17

negative reinforcer example and definition

Answer 17

removal/reduction of unpleasant stimuli
eg. not doing dishes

Question 18

define punishment

Answer 18

any stimulus weakening likelihood of behaviour being repeated

Question 19

positive punishment define and example

Answer 19

behaviour followed by an added consequence
eg. loud noise

Question 20

negative punishment define and example

Answer 20

behaviour followed by the removal of a pleasant stimuli
eg. taking phone away

Question 21

define the law of effect

Answer 21

how behaviours followed by desirable consequences have a greater likelihood of being repeated, while behaviours followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated

Question 22

what did Thorndike investigate?

Answer 22

Law of effect, using cats in a puzzle box

Question 23

what did Skinner investigate and what year?

Answer 23

Pigeons in Skinners box, investigating operant conditioning
1948

Question 24

define what is meant by a fixed schedule

Answer 24

predictable schedule where the length of time and number of responses is set

Question 25

define what is meant by a variable schedule

Answer 25

an unpredictable schedule where the length of time and number of responses between reinforcements changes

Question 26

define what is meant by a ratio schedule

Answer 26

a scheduled dependant on the quantity of responses needed before reinforcement is provided

Question 27

define what is meant by interval schedule

Answer 27

a scheduled reliant on the length of time between reinforcements

Question 28

define what is meant by continuous reinforcement

Answer 28

reinforcing behaviour after every occurrence

Question 29

define what is meant by partial reinforcement

Answer 29

once behaviour is established, various schedules of positive reinforcement is used to strengthen behaviour

Question 30

define reciprocal determinism

Answer 30

environment causes behaviour and learning environment changes behaviour

Question 31

define vicarious reinforcement

Answer 31

observed consequence of models actions modified the behaviour of the observer

Question 32

define observational learning

Answer 32

where the learner watches the model, notices consequences of behaviour and decides whether to imitate the behaviour or not

Question 33

what are the steps in the mediating process

Answer 33

1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation 5. Reinforcement

Question 34

define attention (mediating process)

Answer 34

observer must be paying attention to the model model must be interesting

Question 35

define retention (mediating process)

Answer 35

the learner needs to be able to remember the models behaviour and what was occurring at time of observation

Question 36

define reproduction (mediating process)

Answer 36

the learner must have the physical and cognitive abilities to reproduce the behaviour being observed

Question 37

define motivation (mediating process)

Answer 37

the learner must have a reason to learn what is being observed eg. incentive

Question 38

define reinforcement (mediating process)

Answer 38

learner is more likely to reproduce models behaviour if there is an expectation that it will be reinforced

Question 39

who invented the social learning theory?

Answer 39

Bandura 1977

Question 40

what is a strength and limitation of the Social Learning theory of Bandura ?

Answer 40

Strength: strong empiracle evidence (bobo doll) Limitation: can’t explain all behaviour, biological influence

Question 41

what are the three stages of Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment?

Answer 41

1. Modelling 2. Aggression Arousal 3. Delayed Imitation Testing

Question 42

define what is meant by a Token Economy

Answer 42

behaviour modification technique based on operant conditioning principals where a symbol reinforcer is used to encourage particular behaviours symbol/token is awarded in exchange for a bigger reward

Question 43

what is are 2 benefits of using token economies?

Answer 43

given immediately easily track progress

Question 44

what are 2 limitations of using token economies?

Answer 44

the reinforced behaviour is extrinsically motivated - once the token economy stops, behaviour isn’t likely to occur possible for people to lose motivation to continue desired behaviour- same reward every time

Question 45

define systematic desensitisation

Answer 45

type of therapy that combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure (fear hierarchy) to overcome a phobia

Question 46

define phobia

Answer 46

intense and irrational fear to an object or situation that continues overtime

Question 47

define the 3 steps of systematic desensitisation

Answer 47

1. therapist and client develop ‘fear hierarchy’ listing scenarios involving feared stimulus from least fear provoking to most 2. therapist and client practise relaxation techniques eg. deep breathing 3. through graded exposure, client is exposed to stimuli progressively, at the same time doing relaxation techniques

Question 48

define 2 benefits of systemic desensitisation

Answer 48

exposure can include visualising situations involving fear stimulus - eliminating practical expose continuation of therapy likely to occur due to high level of control client has

Question 49

define 2 limitations of systematic desensitisation

Answer 49

exposure relying on visualisation are not suitable for clients who have difficulty imagining scenario underlying cause of phobias is not addressed

Question 50

2 strengths of bobo doll experiment

Answer 50

experimental research - cause and effect relationship established can be replicated through the co trolling of variables and set procedure

Question 51

2 limitations of Bobo Doll experiment

Answer 51

lab study - hard to promote real world applicability model and child are strangers - usually family/known to one another