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Psychology ATAR > MEMORY > Flashcards

MEMORY Flashcards

1
Q

define sensation

A

input of sensory information from the external environment received by sensory receptors

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2
Q

what are the 3 components of sensation

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Transmission
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3
Q

Define Reception (sensation)

A

stimulus energy is collected by sense organs

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4
Q

define Transduction

A

stimulus energy is converted into nerve impulses

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5
Q

define transmission

A

nerve impulses are sent to primary sensory cortex and receptor cells process information to be perceived

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6
Q

define perception

A

how the brain selects, organises and interprets sensations

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7
Q

define selection

A

brain selects most important stimuli to focus on

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8
Q

define organisation

A

information is recorded at brain to make sense of it

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9
Q

define interpretation

A

past experiences, motives, values, context involved in processing stimulus to give meaning

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10
Q

what are the 3 components of perception

A
  1. Selection
  2. organisation
  3. interpretation
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11
Q

define memory

A

an internal record of some previous event or experience

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12
Q

define selective attention

A

the ability to focus on 1 stimuli whilst blocking out competing stimuli

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13
Q

define divided attention

A

the ability to focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously (multi-tasking)

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14
Q

what was Atkinson and Shiffrins model of memory and what year was it proposed in?

A

Multi store Memory Model
1968

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15
Q

what is the duration, capacity and encoding of sensory memory?

A

DURATION: 0.2-4 seconds
CAPACITY: Unlimited
ENCODING: visual and acoustic (senses)

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16
Q

what is the duration, capacity and encoding for short term memory?

A

DURATION: 15-30sec
CAPACITY: 5-9 pieces of info
ENCODING: acoustic

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17
Q

what is the duration, capacity and encoding of long term memory?

A

DURATION: permanent
CAPACITY: Unlimited
ENCODING: semantic

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18
Q

what are the 2 stores of sensory memory?

A
  1. Iconic - visual (movie frames)
  2. Echoic - Acoustic (3-4 sec)
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19
Q

what are the 2 stores of short-term memory?

A
  1. Elaborative Rehearsal
  2. Maintenance Rehearsal
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20
Q

define Elaborative rehearsal

A

rehearsal technique allowing info to be encoded into a long term memory by attaching meaning to it
- relating prior knowledge /forming personal connections with info

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21
Q

define maintenance rehearsal

A

a rehearsal technique where the repetition of information allows it to be held in short term memory store for a longer period of time (not transferred to LTM)

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22
Q

what are the 2 components of Long Term Memory

A
  1. Procedural (IMPLICIT) memory
  2. Declarative (EXPLICIT) memory
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23
Q

define procedural memory

A

HOW of memory
Stores for skills/actions that are difficult to explain in words
stores the way you do things

24
Q

define declarative (EXPLICIT) memory

A

WHAT of memory
type of memory where factual information can be expressed in words
the conscious effort to retrieve information allowing to declare how things are

25
what are the 2 components of declarative memory
1. Semantic - impersonal factual knowledge (remembering factual statistics) 2. Episodic - personally significant events (remembering events that have happened)
26
who made the Working Memory Model?
Barely and Hitch 1974/2000
27
define working memory model
a view of short term memory as a dynamic storage system capable of simultaneously holding multiple pieces of information
28
define the role of the Central Executive
responsible for coordinating the salve systems as well as controlling attention given to information and decision making (organising info - what arrives at STM and LTM)
29
define the role of the Phonological Loop
temporarily stores and processing auditory information (storing words)
30
define the role of the Visuospatial sketched
stores and manipulates visual and spatial information (visualising something in mind)
31
define the role of the episodic buffer
temporarily stores consolidated information from the central executive, visiospatial sketched, phonological loop and LTM - semantic memories from LTM integrated with info received by other stores (forming episodes)
32
define the role of the episodic buffer
temporarily stores consolidated information from the central executive, visiospatial sketched, phonological loop and LTM - semantic memories from LTM integrated with info received by other stores
33
define retrograde amnesia
problems recalling information BEFORE to trauma
34
define anterograde amnesia
problems recalling info AFTER trauma (cannot form new memories)
35
define the role of the hippocampus
making EXPLICIT memories acts as a SHIPPING CENTRE (not stored) info is sent to hippocampus - registers info by binding and consolidating to make memory traces and then sends to LTM
36
role of the hippocampus in retrieval
receives and binds associated memory traces
37
role of cerebellum
forming procedural IMPLICIT memories memories processed, encoded and stored by cerebellum
38
role of the amygdala
rapid and unconscious processing of emotion, feeding it to the hippocampus to be incorporated into explicit memories
39
define 2 components of shallow processing
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL USED ONLY 1. Structural - appearance (encoding physical properties) 2. phonemic - sound (encoding sound)
40
define components of Deep Processing
ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL semantic - encoding meaning of word and relate to similar words
41
define forgetting
inability to recall previously learnt info
42
define retrieval failure
inability to retrieve info due to lack of cues
43
define interference (2)
previous memories interfere/disrupt new memories competing similar info is stored RETRO - new interferes with old PRO- old interferes with new
44
define motivated forgetting (2)
inability to retrieve info due to advantage of forgetting to avoid anxiety/consequence suppression - consciously forgetting oppression - not retrieved/rehearsed
45
define decay
overtime memory traces disappear/ fade due to lack of being retrieved/rehearsed
46
define recall
the process of retrieving information from LTM without cues to aid in retrieving info
47
define Free recall
the retrieval of as much info as possible in any order
48
define Serial Recall
the retrieval of information in a set order
49
define Cued recall
provided with retrieval cues to help with retrieving memory
50
define recognition
the ability to identify previously stored information by matching stimuli to stored memories (multitasking)
51
define relearning
requiring knowledge or skills that were previously learnt but may have decayed overtime
52
what did Craig and Tulving study in memory?
Depth of processing of words 1975
53
define CTE
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy a progressive brain disease associated with repeated head traumatic brain injury that causes problems in cognition and memory
54
define alzheimers disease
a brain disease that involves the degeneration of neurons in regions of the brain that are involved in cognitive skills and memory formation and retrieval protein plaque formation
55
define Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
disorder caused by a thiamine deficiency leading to degeneration of brain cells and characterised by difficulties forming new memories and retrieving stored memories
56
define Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
disorder caused by a thiamine deficiency leading to degeneration of brain cells and characterised by difficulties forming new memories and retrieving stored memories

Psychology ATAR (7 decks)

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