Learning Flashcards
(66 cards)
a response spreads from one specific stimulus to another stimuli that resembles the original; for example, Pavlov’s dog responds to a bell and a buzzer
generalization
a schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement occurs after a desired behavior occurs, but a different number of the desired behaviors is required each time
variable ratio
a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural, unconditioned response becomes this
conditioned stimulus
the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences
punishment
the type of conditioning that results from one’s actions and the consequences they cause
operant conditioning
learning that isn’t obvious; is hidden; beneath the surface
latent learning
the gradual loss of an association over time; for example, Pavlov’s dogs no longer salivate when they hear a bell
extinction
the process of strengthening a response by following it with the taking away or avoiding of something unpleasant
negative reinforcement
the process of gradually learning a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations to it; a pigeon learned to turn in a circle by being reinforced every time it went in that general direction
shaping
Pavlov’s method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
classical conditioning
a stimulus that automatically and naturally elicits a response
unconditioned stimulus
a reinforcement is received after a fixed amount of time has passed if the desired act has occurred
fixed interval
strengthening the tendency to repeat a response by following it with the addition of something pleasant
positive reinforcement
each and every time a behavior occurs, reinforcement in given
continuous reinforcement
learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another; the opposite of generalization; for example, Pavlov’s dog would only salivate to a high pitched tone
discrimination
a way of learning based on abstract mental processes and previous knowledge
cognitive learning
when you put together a series of learned tasks; this process, for example, has occurred when you train a bird to walk a ladder, spin in a circle and dunk a mini basketball
chaining
In Pavlov’s original experiment, salivating to the tone represented this
conditioned response
a reinforcement is received after a fixed amount of responses has occurred
fixed ratio
Reinforcement can occur under fixed, variable, ratio or interval schedules under this schedule of reinforcement
partial reinforcement
when a previously extinct response reoccurs
spontaneous recovery
John is rewarded with a cookie when he finishes his dinner; this is an example of?
positive reinforcement
Ann gets out of being grounded when she cleans up her room; this is an example of?
negative reinforcement
3 year old Jennie sees her mom picking up her dishes from the table and she begins to pick up hers each evening, too; this reflects?
social learning/modeling
