Learning and Memory Test

Question 1

Metacognition

Answer 1

the awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes

Question 2

How do you get info from working memory to long term memory?

Answer 2

Make it into a story, Imagery, Rehearsal

Question 3

Recency Effect

Answer 3

Recalling the last thing you perceived

Question 4

Semantic Memory

Answer 4

stores general knowledge about the world, including facts, concepts, and the meaning of words, essentially representing our “mental encyclopedia” of information not tied to specific personal experiences

Question 5

General Factor Theory

Answer 5

If you are really good at something, you can apply it to multiple different things.

Question 6

Structural encoding

Answer 6

Shallow level of processing, where information is encoded based on its physical appearance or visual characteristics, like focusing on how a word looks on a page rather than its meaning

Question 7

Encoding

Answer 7

processing of info into the memory system

Question 8

Imagination Inflation

Answer 8

The phenomenon where repeatedly imagining an event, even if it never happened, can increase a person’s confidence that it actually occurred, thereby creating a false memory by mistaking imagined experiences for real ones

Question 9

Split-half reliability

Answer 9

A method of assessing a test’s consistency by dividing it into two halves and comparing the scores obtained from each half, indicating whether the test is measuring the same construct throughout its entirety; essentially, if someone performs similarly on one half of the test, they should also perform similarly on the other

Question 10

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 10

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake or reaching some higher potential

Question 11

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 11

new information is actively linked to existing knowledge in long-term memory, creating deeper processing and better retention

Question 12

Context-dependent memory

Answer 12

putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime memory retrieval

Question 13

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 13

a desire to perform a behavior to receive a reward or avoid threatened punishment; could also be for the approval or expectations of others

Question 14

Reconsolidation

Answer 14

When a long-term memory is retrieved (into working memory) it is briefly susceptible to manipulation with incoming sensory information before being reconsolidated back into long-term memory – Every memory retrieval slightly alters that memory

Question 15

Primacy Effect

Answer 15

Recalling the first thing you perceived

Question 16

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 16

The intensifying or fueling of responses to a situation. Amount of drive is directly proportional to the intensity of the behavior that will result from it.

Question 17

How has the Flynn effect impacted scores on the Stanford-Binet IQ test over the decades?

Answer 17

The scores have increased over time

Question 18

Modeling

Answer 18

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior from a trusted model

Question 19

Constructive Memory

Answer 19

When we recall a memory (from long-term), we actively reconstruct it by using our existing knowledge and beliefs to fill in gaps in the memory and potentially alter details.

Question 20

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 20

Inability to retrieve info from one’s past

Question 21

Episodic Memory

Answer 21

stores personal experiences and events tied to specific times and places, essentially remembering specific details about past situations

Question 22

How does metacognition improve learning and memory?

Answer 22

It helps us recognize our strengths and weaknesses so that we can adjust areas that need improvement

Question 23

Autobiographical Memory

Answer 23

a person’s recollection of personal experiences and events from their own life, essentially their personal history

Question 24

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 24

Things that are needed to survive in life
- Getting food when hungry

Question 25

Automatic processing

Answer 25

Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency. Produces implicit memories

Question 26

Operant Conditioning

Answer 26

Learning through consequences. Punishment or reward is applied after a response.

Question 27

Percentile Rank

Answer 27

The percentage of individuals in a given population who scored at or below a specific test score, essentially indicating how well someone performed compared to others in the group

Question 28

Encoding Failure

Answer 28

The inability to recall information because it was never properly processed and stored in long-term memory during the initial encoding stage

Question 29

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 29

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 30

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 30

Not needed to survive - Getting money

Question 31

Retrieval Practice

Answer 31

Refers to a learning strategy where you actively recall information from memory, by using techniques like flashcards, practice quizzes, or self-testing

Question 32

Shaping

Answer 32

Using reinforcements to guide an animals actions toward a desired and more complex behavior using a step-by-step fashion Ex: Teaching it to roll over using multiple steps and a treat with each step they accomplish on their own

Question 33

Gambler's Fallacy

Answer 33

A failure to recognize the independence of chance events, leading to the mistaken belief that one can predict the outcome of a chance event on the basis of the outcomes of past chance events

Question 34

Effortful processing

Answer 34

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Produces explicit memories

Question 35

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 35

tendency to recall experiences consistent with one’s mood or emotion

Question 36

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 36

process of repeatedly saying or thinking about a piece of information to keep it active in your short-term or working memory

Question 37

Semantic encoding

Answer 37

Encoding meaningful material, might have an emotional quality attached or it is related to previous experiences

Question 38

Implicit memories

Answer 38

Memory of things that are automatic, includes procedural things like how to ride a bike, after you've already done it

Question 39

Variable reinforcement

Answer 39

Rewards are given at an unpredictable intervals

Question 40

Explicit/Declarative memories

Answer 40

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare, produced from effortful processing (study rehearsal, applying meaning to content)

Question 41

Retrieval Cues

Answer 41

stimuli or prompts that help trigger the recall of information stored in memory, acting as a clue to access specific memories, essentially reminding you of something you previously learned by providing a related piece of information or context

Question 42

Classical Conditioning

Answer 42

Associating two or more stimuli to anticipate events. Punishment or reward is applied before a response

Question 43

Serial Position Effect

Answer 43

tendency to recall best the last and the first items in a list

Question 44

Testing Effect

Answer 44

actively retrieving information from memory through testing or quizzing yourself leads to better long-term retention

Question 45

Sunk Cost Fallacy

Answer 45

where someone continues to invest time, money, or effort into something even when it is no longer beneficial, simply because they have already invested resources into it, essentially feeling obligated to see it through despite negative outcomes; essentially, not considering past investments when making future decisions based on current benefits

Question 46

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 46

Inability to form new memories

Question 47

Norming

Answer 47

The standard(s) against which all others who take the test will be compared. Formed from the group used to standardize the test. Example – avg IQ is how we compare our own score

Question 48

Alzeheimer's/Dementia - Symptoms - Biological changes

Answer 48

Persistent disorder of mental processes caused by brain disease or injury - Frequent disorientation, Confusion of time/place, Mood and behavior changes - There are plaques and tangles in their brains that build up in their cells and inhibit neural networks

Question 49

Divergent cognition style

Answer 49

Using imagination, creative, abstract

Question 49

Convergent Cognition Style

Answer 49

Logic, Strategic

Question 50

Acquisition

Answer 50

Associating or pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus - Pairing white rats with fear due to the loud noise

Question 51

Extinction

Answer 51

The fear might fade over time

Question 52

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 52

reappearance of a weakened response that can occur during extinction training

Question 53

Latent Learning

Answer 53

When you learn something and don't use that info until you are put in a situation where you need it