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Unit 6 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Three parts of emotion

A
  • Physiological arousal
  • Expressive behaviors
  • Conscious experience
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2
Q

Emotion affect

A

The outward display of a feeling
Includes facial expression, tone, posture, etc.

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3
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

When you make a facial expression it can directly influence your emotional state

ex: Smiling and feeling happy

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4
Q

Emotional facial expressions that are universal

A

There are 6
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Surprise
- Fear
- Anger
- Disgust

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5
Q

Emotional display rules

A

The social and cultural unspoken norms that dictate how and when emotions should be expressed in different situations

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6
Q

Broaden-and-build theory

A

Positive emotions, like love, BROADEN an individual’s awareness and potential actions, allowing them to BUILD personal resources like social connections,, essentially creating a positive cycle where experiencing positive emotions leads to further positive outcomes

It is the opposite for negative emotions. People’s awareness is narrowed and they break down and create a negative cycle.

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7
Q

Arousal theory

A

Individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, and will adjust their behavior to achieve this balance.

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8
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

performance is best at a moderate level of arousal depending on the task difficulty

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9
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A

People are most motivated and they thrive when three basic needs are met: autonomy (feeling in control and having choice), competence (feeling capable and skilled), and relatedness (feeling connected to others). When these needs are fulfilled, especially when a task feels meaningful, it leads to intrinsic motivation and better well-being.

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10
Q

Incentive Theory

A

People are primarily driven to perform behaviors by the desire to gain positive rewards or avoid negative punishments

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11
Q

Instinct Theory

A

The idea that certain human behaviors are driven by instincts, which are believed to be developed through evolution and present at birth

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12
Q

Sensation Seeking Theory

A

Individuals are motivated by a desire to seek out new, varied, and intense experiences, often involving some level of risk because they get bored with monotony easily

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13
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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14
Q

Big Five

A

Personality test that measures conscientiousness, openness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

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15
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Hard-working, Organized, Punctual

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16
Q

Openness

A

Creative, original, curious

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17
Q

Extroversion

A

Talkative, Active, Affectionate

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18
Q

Agreeableness

A

Trusting, Lenient, Soft-hearted

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19
Q

Neuroticism

A

Worried, self-conscious, emotional

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20
Q

MMPI

A

Personality test that assesses psychopathology as well as personality. It is intended to test people who are suspected of having mental health or other clinical issues

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21
Q

Id

A

Unconscious force that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operates on pleasure principle and immediate gratification

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22
Q

Ego

A

Mediates among the id, superego and reality, operates on reality principle and satisfies id’s desires in ways that will bring pleasure rather than pain

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23
Q

Superego

A

“Goody two shoes”
represents internalized ideals and represents standards for judgment (the conscience or moral guardian) and for future aspirations (parents, teachers, priests)

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24
Q

Factor analysis

A

A statistical method used to identify underlying patterns or “factors” within a set of personality traits, allowing researchers to group related traits together

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25
General Adaptation Syndrome(GAS)
Body's adaptive response to stress in three phases 1- Alarm- spike in heart rate 2- Resistance- prepare you for stress 3- Exhaustion- burnout
26
Projective personality testing
A person describes what they see in a random series of pictures which reveals their unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires
27
Self-actualizing tendency
To fulfill one’s true and greatest potential but only after basic physical and psychological needs are met
28
What are the THREE primary categories within the social cognitive view of personality?
Behavior, Thought, Environment
29
Reciprocal Determinism
A person's behaviors, thoughts, and environment all affect each other in a continuous loop
30
Collective Unconscious
a shared, almost psychic inherited reservoir of evolutionary memory in the form of images, symbols, themes and characters
31
Archetypes
a recurrent symbol or motif in literature, art, or mythology
32
The Shadow
The dark side of humans’ psyche; the unconscious home to repressed issues (ID)
33
What are some core parts of one’s identity (provide THREE) that form one’s self-concept (or Self)?
Gender, Family, Religion, etc.
34
Gender Norms/Roles
Social / cultural expectations about how men and women should behave; the sense of self men and women are expected to have by a society
35
Cisgender
When your personal gender identity matches your biological sex
36
Transgender
When your personal gender identity differs from your biological sex
37
Gender Dysphoria
DSM-5 diagnosis for the discrepancy between body image and gender identity
38
What is the purpose of a defense mechanism?
It allows our unconscious thoughts or feelings to be expressed indirectly in a disguised form.
39
Repression
When you are aware of a thought or feeling but try to hide it
40
Regression
When you revert to an old pattern of behavior, often immature and childish, to ventilate your feeling
41
Displacement
You redirect your feelings to another target
42
Rationalization
You come up with various explanations to justify the situation.
43
Denial
When you completely reject the thought or feeling
44
Sublimation
You redirect tthe feeling into a socially productive activity
45
Reaction Formation/ Undoing
You turn the feeling into its opposite by DOING something that dictates the opposite feeling
46
Identification
When you adopt the identity of another person, often someone they admire or see as superior
47
Projection
You think someone else has YOUR thought or feeling
48
Internal(dispositional) attribution
When someone credits/blames themselves for something
49
External(situational) attribution
When someone credits/blames the situation for something
50
Attribution Theory
explains people’s behavior by crediting either the situation(external) or the person’s disposition(internal)
51
Fundamental attribution error
When we underestimate external causes(situation) but overestimate internal causes(disposition). Homeless people are homeless because they are lazy, not because they were kicked out of their house...
52
53
Self-serving bias
When we credit our success to internal causes(disposition) and blame failures on external causes(situation) I passed that test because I am so smart. I failed that test because it was impossible, the questions were so hard.
54
Optimistic Learning Styles
Attributes positive events to internal, stable factors, while explaining negative events as external, temporary, and specific
55
Pessimistic Learning Styles
Attributes negative events to internal, permanent, and pervasive factors
56
Kitty Genovese Case
Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her apartment in 1964 while multiple bystanders reportedly witnessed the attack but failed to help. Bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility, deindividuation effect
57
Deindividuation
an individual feels less responsible/accountable in a group. There is a loss of individuality and independence. There is a sense of anonymity.
58
Bystander Effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present through a diffusion of responsibility
59
Superordinate goal
a shared objective that requires cooperation between two or more rival groups to promote positivity and peace
60
Cognitive dissonance
A discomfort that occurs when we encounter events that are inconsistent with our beliefs
61
Belief perseverance
The tendency to cling to one’s initial belief after receiving new information that contradicts or disproves the basis of that belief
62
Just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
63
Scapegoat Theory
theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
64
Social Scripts
Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations
65
Frustration-Aggression Principle
Suggests that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression
66
Individualist Cultures
- Value uniqueness, creativity and independent ideas; less conformity and obedience to authority - Males have greater power or influence
67
Collectivist Cultures
-Females have greater power or influence - Fit into social norms; more conformity and obedience to authority
68
Passionate love
arousal and excitement, with a more intense positive absorption in another – usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
69
Companionate love
deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined; infatuation
70
What are a few relationship characteristics that tend to be shared among the happiest, longest lasting relationships?
Honesty, trust, and vulnerability
71
External Locus of Control
feel like they’re victims of forces outside of their control
72
Internal Locus of Control
feel that they have much power and influence regarding outcomes in their lives
73
Social Loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal rather than individually
74
False consensus effect
conformity cognitive bias where we assume more people agree with our perspective or opinions than actually do.
75
Social psychologist
focus on the situation, asking why the same person will act differently in different situations.
76
Door in the face technique
a person makes a large request, knowing they will get the “door slammed in their face.” This is meant to make the next request - the actual request - seem small and reasonable in comparison.
77
Elaboration Likelihood Model
a theory explaining how people process persuasive information and change their attitude suggesting that persuasion can occur through two primary routes: central and peripheral
78
Foot in the door phenomenon
for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger one
79
Peripheral route persuasion
when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness or a brand endorsement by a celebrity, not the facts or quality of the product(emotional)
80
Central route persuasion
when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts (facts, research, logic, etc.)
81
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
People mistakenly believe outgroup members(people not like them) as being a homogenous group(everyone is the same) with stereotypical traits
82
Normative social influence
we conform to avoid rejection or to gain social approval
83
Social Learning Theory
We learn social behavior by watching others and we learn good vs bad with rewards and punishments for certain behaviors
84
Informational social influence
When we are willing to accept others’ educated or informed opinions about reality
85
Minority social influence
when a member of a minority group influences the majority to accept the minority’s beliefs or behaviors.
86
Chameleon effect
the unconscious tendency to mimic the behaviors, postures, and mannerisms of others, particularly those we interact with
87
What are THREE common sources of information impacting our “person perception”?
Appearance, Behavior, Social Interactions
88
Stereotype threat
people feel anxiety about conforming to stereotypes about their social group
89
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own culture is superior to others, often judging other cultures based on the standards of one's own
90
Multiculturalism
a society or organization that involves multiple nations or cultures coexisting and interacting with each other, essentially embracing diversity rather than viewing one culture as dominant
91
Halo Effect
where a positive impression of one aspect of a person influences our perception of their other traits, leading us to assume they have generally positive qualities even without concrete evidence
92
Implicit Attitudes
Automatic and unconscious attitudes of a person often shaped by early life experiences and social conditioning
93
Upward Social Comparison
Comparing oneself to someone perceived as better in a particular area
94
Downward Social Comparison
Comparing oneself to someone perceived as worse off in a particular area
95
Relative Deprivation
The feeling of being worse off than others in one's social group, even if one's objective situation is not objectively deprived, based on the perception of a lack of resources or opportunities compared to those around them, often leading to feelings of dissatisfaction and resentment
96
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when desire for good feelings and harmony (conformity) in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of better solutions or alternatives
97
Group polarization
the enhancement or amplification of a group’s prevailing attitudes or beliefs through discussion within the group
98
Label the layers of the ecological system and explain them
There are 5(inner to outer) - Microsystem- Most immediate environment with direct interactions - Mesosystem- Connects different microsystems - Exosystem- External systems that indirectly affect a person's development - Macrosystem- The broader cultural context that impact a person -Chronosystem- The dimension of time's affect on an individual
99
Mere Exposure Effect
people tend to develop a preference for things or people that are more familiar to them than others. Repeated exposure increases familiarity and reduces prejudice and discrimination
100
Social Responsibility Norm
Social expectation or sense of obligation that a person should help others when in need
101
Reciprocity Norm
Expectation that people will do for those who did for them in the past
102
Social Exchange Theory
Our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. We do what is best for us in the moment.
103
Stanford Prison Experiment
The Stanford Prison Experiment was a 1971 study where college students assigned as guards or prisoners quickly adopted extreme behaviors, showing how social roles and situational power can strongly influence behavior.
104
Ingroup Bias
The tendency to favor our own group without much provable cause or reason
105
Mirror-image perception
Each side tends to view itself as moral, just, and peaceful, while simultaneously perceiving the other side as immoral, unjust, and aggressive.
106
Social Traps
a situation where individuals or groups pursue short-term gains that ultimately lead to long-term negative consequences for the collective
107
Milgram Experiment
The Milgram Experiment tested obedience to authority by having participants administer what they believed were painful electric shocks to another person, revealing that people are surprisingly willing to follow orders—even when it harms others.
108
Confederate
Assistant of the experimenter
109
Social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, like a teacher
110
Asch conformity experiment
The Asch Conformity Experiment showed that people often conform to group pressure by giving incorrect answers to simple questions, even when they know the right answer, just to fit in.

AP Psych (7 decks)

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