Learning Approach 1 - Bandura et al.

Question 1

When was the study?

Answer 1

1961

Question 2

What was the aim of the study? [2]

Answer 2

To investigate whether a child would learn aggression by observing a model and would reproduce this behaviour in the absence of the model.
Whether the sex of the role model was important in learning and reproducing aggression.

Question 3

What is imitative learning?

Answer 3

Learning something new by watching someone else do it.

Question 4

What sort of behaviors are boys typically rewarded for?

Answer 4

Building stuff and demonstrating strength.

Question 5

What sort of behaviors are girls typically rewarded for?

Answer 5

Cooking or dressing up.

Question 6

What does Bandura suggest about the encouragement and discouragement of certain behaviors in children?

Answer 6

It would lead to two differences in the study.

Question 7

What were the two sex-related differences Bandura predicted?

Answer 7

Boys and girls should be more likely to imitate same-sex models.
They should differ in their readiness to imitate aggression.

Question 8

How many hypotheses did Bandura have?

Answer 8

4

Question 9

What is the first hypothesis?

Answer 9

Observed aggressive behavior will be imitated, so children seeing aggressive models will be more aggressive than those seeing a non-aggressive model or no model.

Question 10

What is the second hypothesis?

Answer 10

Observed non-aggressive behavior will be imitated, so children seeing non-aggressive models will be less aggressive than those seeing no model.

Question 11

What is the third hypothesis?

Answer 11

Children are more likely to copy a same-sex model.

Question 12

What is the fourth hypothesis?

Answer 12

Boys will be more likely to copy aggression than girls.

Question 13

What type of experiment?

Answer 13

Lab experiment

Question 14

What experimental design?

Answer 14

Independent Measures Design and Matched Participants Design

Question 15

What were the participants matched by?

Answer 15

General levels of aggression.

Question 16

How many IVs were there?

Answer 16

3

Question 17

What were the IVs?

Answer 17

1 - Model type: aggressive/non-aggressive
2 - Model gender: same as child or not
3 - Learner gender: boy or girl

Question 18

What was the DV?

Answer 18

The learning that the child displayed.

Question 19

What sort of observation was it?

Answer 19

Covert and controlled.

Question 20

What was the sample size, gender balance, and age range?

Answer 20

72 children
36 boys & 36 girls
3 - 6 years old

Question 21

Where was the sample from?

Answer 21

Stanford University Nursery School.

Question 22

What took place prior to the study?

Answer 22

The children were observed in there school by an experimenter and a teacher who knew them well to rate them on levels of aggression.

Question 23

What were the four scales of aggression that the children were rated on prior to the study?

Answer 23

Physical aggression
Verbal aggression
Aggression to inanimate objects
Aggression inhibition (anxiety)

Question 24

What was the inter-rater reliability between the teacher and the experimenter?

Answer 24

0.89

Question 25

How many children were rated by both the teacher and the experimenter?

Answer 25

51

Question 26

How many children were in the control group (no model)?

Answer 26

24 12 boys & 12 girls

Question 27

How many children were in each group?

Answer 27

6

Question 28

What started off the procedure?

Answer 28

The children were annoyed by letting them play in a room with nice toys and then being told they were for the other kids and had to leave after 2 minutes.

Question 29

Why were the participants mildly annoyed at the start?

Answer 29

So that the kids were likely to express aggression, so reductions could be measured for N-A model and no model.

Question 30

What 4 things were in the opposite corner of the observation room?

Answer 30

A 5-foot bobo doll, a mallet, a Tinkertoy set, and a table and chair.

Question 31

Was the experimenter in the room with the child the whole time?

Answer 31

Yes, they sat at a desk and worked.

Question 32

What did the model do in the non-aggressive condition?

Answer 32

Sat by the bobo doll, but played with the Tinkertoy for 10 minutes.

Question 33

What did the model do in the aggressive condition?

Answer 33

Sat by the bobo doll, played with the Tinkertoy for 1 minute, and then attacked the bobo doll for 9 minutes.

Question 34

What did the aggressive model do to the bobo doll?

Answer 34

Laid it on its side, sat on and punched the nose, picked it up and hit it on its head with a mallet, tossed it in the air, and kicked. Repeated 3 times.

Question 35

What sort of aggressive comments did the aggressive model make?

Answer 35

'kick him'

Question 36

What sort of non-aggressive comments did the aggressive model make?

Answer 36

'he sure is a tough fella' and 'he keeps coming back for more'

Question 37

How many children saw a same-sex model in the model groups?

Answer 37

Half

Question 38

How long was the child observed for?

Answer 38

20 minutes.

Question 39

What was the observation a test of for the aggressive model group?

Answer 39

Delayed imitation.

Question 40

Name 3 aggressive toys in the experimental room.

Answer 40

2 dart guns, a tether ball with a face painted on it, and a mallet.

Question 41

Name 3 non-aggressive toys in the experimental room.

Answer 41

Tea set, dolls, and trucks.

Question 42

What sort of observational sampling was used?

Answer 42

Time sampling

Question 43

How often were the children's behavior recorded?

Answer 43

Every 5 seconds.

Question 44

How many total response units were there per child?

Answer 44

240

Question 45

What were the 3 response measures of the children's imitation?

Answer 45

1 - Imitation of physical aggression 2 - Imitation of verbal aggression 3 - Imitative non-aggressive verbal responses

Question 46

What was partially imitative aggression?

Answer 46

The child imitated behaviors incompletely.

Question 47

What was aggressive gun play?

Answer 47

When a child shot the dart gun at other objects in the room.

Question 48

What was non-imitative physical and verbal aggression?

Answer 48

The child was aggressive in a way not modelled to them and any hostile remarks not modelled to them.

Question 49

Who scored all of the children's behaviors and what did they know?

Answer 49

One male. He was unaware of which condition the child had been in except when he was the model.

Question 50

Was there inter-rater reliability for the children's observed behaviors?

Answer 50

Yes. Another scorer rated half of the children's behaviors and r=9.

Question 51

What were the results for children exposed to aggressive models?

Answer 51

Imitated exact behaviors. Were more aggressive (physically & verbally) than the other conditions. Also imitate non-aggressive verbal responses.

Question 52

What were the aggression results for boys?

Answer 52

Aggressive model effect was greater for boys. More likely to imitate physical aggression. More likely to imitate a same-sex model.

Question 53

What were the aggression results for girls?

Answer 53

More likely to imitate verbal aggression. (not significantly). More likely to imitate a same-sex model to a lesser extent.

Question 54

Did the aggressive model affect levels of gun play or punching the bobo doll?

Answer 54

No

Question 55

How did the girls mostly play?

Answer 55

With dolls, tea sets, and coloring things.

Question 56

How did the boys mostly play?

Answer 56

More exploratory play and gun play.

Question 57

What were the non-aggressive model results?

Answer 57

Children spent twice as much time sitting quietly and not playing. Less likely than either group to show mallet aggression (esp. girls). More non-aggressive play with dolls.

Question 58

How did the verbal comments about female aggressive differ from male aggression?

Answer 58

The female ones were more disapproving and the male ones were more positive and seen as appropriate.

Question 59

How many hypotheses were proven correct?

Answer 59

All 4

Question 60

What is the GRAVE?

Answer 60

MHHMM

Question 61

Name 5 strengths.

Answer 61

High reliability High validity Highly standardized Time sampling - lots of data Limited demand characteristics

Question 62

Name 3 weaknesses.

Answer 62

No protection from harm/follow up. Small no. of children per experimental condition. Lower generalisability.

Question 63

What is a conclusion from the study?

Answer 63

Observation and imitation can account for the learning of specific acts without reinforcement of either the model or observer.