Social Approach 1 - Milgram

Question 1

When was Milgram?

Answer 1

1963

Question 2

What was Milgram’s aim?

Answer 2

To investigate how obedient individuals would be to orders received from a person in authority

Question 3

What was Milgram’s study a reaction to?

Answer 3

Nazis at the Nuremberg Trials saying they were ‘just following orders’.

Question 4

How many of Milgram’s students and colleagues believed they would administer the maximum voltage shock?

Answer 4

3%

Question 5

What religion was Stanley Milgram?

Answer 5

Jewish

Question 6

What was the dispositional argument for the Holocaust?

Answer 6

Germans possessed some defective personality trait that made such extreme levels of obedience possible.

Question 7

What was the situational argument for the Holocaust?

Answer 7

Many people who found themselves in a similar situation would harm or even kill other human beings under the orders of an authority figure.

Question 8

What sort of observation was it?

Answer 8

Controlled observation

Question 9

What type of experiment was it?

Answer 9

Lab study

Question 10

What was obedience operationalised to?

Answer 10

Maximum voltage given in response to orders.

Question 11

Other than voltage, what other things did the observers note?

Answer 11

Body language, verbal comments, or protests.

Question 12

What sort of data was collected?

Answer 12

Both qualitative and quantitative data.

Question 13

Where was the study done?

Answer 13

Yale University, New Haven, USA

Question 14

Was deception used?

Answer 14

Yes, they thought it was a memory test.

Question 15

How big was the sample?

Answer 15

40 men.

Question 16

What was the age range of the sample?

Answer 16

20-50

Question 17

What sampling method was used?

Answer 17

Volunteer sampling

Question 18

What were the participants paid?

Answer 18

$4.50

Question 19

What sort of environment was the study done in and why?

Answer 19

A modern lab at Yale to give it legitimacy which is an important situational factor in obedience.

Question 20

How did the participants arrive?

Answer 20

Individually

Question 21

What was the stooge?

Answer 21

An actor who the participants believed too be another participant. He was a likeable middle-aged man who was always assigned to be the learner.

Question 22

How were the roles assigned?

Answer 22

They were drawn out of a hat, but the results were fixed so that the real participant was always the teacher.

Question 23

What was the range of shocks on the shock generator?

Answer 23

15V - 450V

Question 24

What was the participant shown in the other room?

Answer 24

The stooge strapped to a chair with electrodes attached by the experimenter (they weren’t real).

Question 25

What were some descriptions of the voltages?

Answer 25

Moderate shock Danger: severe shock XXX

Question 26

What were the participant told about the shocks and how was it proved?

Answer 26

That they were painful but not dangerous. They got an example shock of 45V.

Question 27

Where was the participant put after the set up?

Answer 27

Behind a wall where they could see but not hear the stooge anymore.

Question 28

Who was the experimenter?

Answer 28

A 31 year old male teacher who wore a grey technicians coat and had a stern demeanor throughout the experiment.

Question 29

What was the 'memory task' that the participant and the learner had to perform?

Answer 29

The participant read aloud words to the learner and then tested them on the recognition of the words. When the learner made a mistake, they were shocked.

Question 30

What did the participant increase the shock voltage by when the learner made a mistake?

Answer 30

15V

Question 31

Did the learner make deliberate mistakes?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

Before 300V, what sounds did the learner make?

Answer 32

none. he was silent.

Question 33

Once it hit 300V, what did the learner start to do?

Answer 33

Pound the wall in protest.

Question 34

After his outburst, what did the learner do?

Answer 34

nothing. he remained silent again.

Question 35

When participants protested, what did the experimenters say?

Answer 35

Please go on Please continue The experiment requires that you continue It is absolutely essential that you continue You have no other choice, you must go on

Question 36

When was the procedure considered complete?

Answer 36

The participant refused to give any more shocks or the reached the max voltage of 450V.

Question 37

What was used to record the physical behaviors and verbal comments of the participants?

Answer 37

One-way mirrors.

Question 38

Were the participants debriefed?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

What happened after the procedure?

Answer 39

The participant was interviewed and got to see the learned again to make sure he was okay.

Question 40

What was the mean estimate of the pain of the 450V shock? (out of 14)

Answer 40

13.42

Question 41

How many participants gave the 300V shock?

Answer 41

40 100%

Question 42

How many participants gave the max 450V shock?

Answer 42

26 65%

Question 43

How many people before the experiment thought they would give the max voltage?

Answer 43

3%

Question 44

What 3 physical things were the participants observed to be doing throughout the experiment?

Answer 44

Sweating, shaking, and groaning.

Question 45

How many men showed signs of nervous laughter or smiling?

Answer 45

14/40

Question 46

Why couldn't one participant complete the experiment?

Answer 46

He had a violent seizure, presumably as a result of high stress.

Question 47

What are two quotes from participants in the experiment?

Answer 47

"I don't think I can go on with this" "I'm gonna chicken out"

Question 48

What are five factors in the experiment that Milgram identifies as contributing to the high levels of obedience?

Answer 48

Perceived legitimacy Professional academic environment Use of uniform by the experimenter Feeling of financial obligation The belief that both they and the learner had freely volunteered

Question 49

What is Milgram's first conclusion?

Answer 49

Individuals are much more obedient to authority than we might reasonably expect, and this seems to be true for the majority of people.

Question 50

What is Milgram's second conclusion?

Answer 50

Despite high levels of obedience, people find the experience of carrying out destructive acts under the orders of authority figures triggers feelings of stress, and this is due to a conflict between two important social phenomena: the need to obey those in authority and the need to avoid harming other people.

Question 51

What is the GRAVE?

Answer 51

MHHMM

Question 52

What are 5 strengths of the study?

Answer 52

Standardization High reliability High internal validity Full debriefing Well controlled for extraneous variables

Question 53

What are 4 weaknesses of the study?

Answer 53

Low generalizability Problematic sample Ethics No follow up care