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Lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal function of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange [warm/humidify and filter/protect air]

acid-base

phonation

metabolism of endogenous substances

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2
Q

What is the main function of lung?

A

gas exchange = remove CO2 and replenish O2

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3
Q

How long does gas exchange take in the lungs?

A

0.25 seconds

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4
Q

How long does it take for entire blood volume [5 L] to pass through the lungs?

A

one minute

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5
Q

What is the main difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

bronchi have cartilage

bronchioles lack cartilage

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6
Q

Do terminal bronchioles participate in gas exchange?

A

nope!

they are part of conducting zone of lungs; they branch into respiratory bronchioles that do gas exchange

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7
Q

What is the pulmonary acinus?

A

functional unit of lung = the portion of lung distal to terminal bronchiole including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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8
Q

What parts of lung are part of the conducting zone?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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9
Q

What parts of lung are part of respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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10
Q

What is the function of conducting zone of the lung?

A

funnel gas to respiratory unit of lung

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11
Q

What is the function of the airways?

A
  • serve as conduit of air
  • provide evacuation of foreign material
  • immuno and protective function
  • warm and humidify air
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12
Q

What is normal tidal volume?

A

500 cc

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13
Q

How much of tidal volume remains in conducting portion of lungs and does not participate in gas exchange?

A

1/3 of tidal volume = 150 CC

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines airways?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia

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15
Q

What other histo findings in large airway or bronchus?

A

bronchial cartilage

submucosal mucinous glands

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16
Q

How do you distinguish bronchus from bronchiole histologically?

A

bronchiole = smaller diameter, epithelium, then thin layer of connective tissue then smooth muscle

bronchus = cartilagenous

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17
Q

What is width of blood-air barrier at its thinnest point?

A

~0.15 microns

18
Q

What aspects of lung design make it ideal for gas exchange?

A
  • large surface area
  • short diffusion path [thin barrier]
  • concentration gradients of Co2/O2
19
Q

How does hemoglobin aid in gas exchanges?

A

binds O2 so ddecreases concentration of available O2 in blood –> increases driving force for gas exchange

20
Q

What aspects of blood-brain barrier make it ideal for diffusion?

A
  • thin cycoplasm of typ I pneumocyte

- fused basement membranes of capillary and alveolus

21
Q

What is important about the interstitium between epithelial basement membrane and vascular basement membrane?

A

there is continuity of interstitium around bronchovascular bundles, alvoelar walls, interlobular septa, pleura

22
Q

What are type I pneumocytes?

A
  • very flat cells
  • cover most of avlvoelus but only account for about 40% of the cells
  • cannot divide
  • participate in gas exchange
23
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes?

A
  • more cuboidal cells
  • only cover about 5% of alveolar surface but account fro 60% of cells
  • divide to replace injured Type ! cells
24
Q

What 3 factors can cause abnormal lung function?

A
  • impaired gas-exchange in alveolar spaces
  • increased resistance to air flow in bronchioles
  • altered pulmonarymechanics
25
What 2 mech of impaired gas exchange?
- ventilation perfusion mismatch | - diminished diffusion capacity
26
What are some possible etiologies of airway obstruction that can lead to ventilation-perfusion mismatch?
- neoplasm - mucus plug, foreign object - COPD; emphysema; chronic bronchitis - fluid or inflammatory cells in alveolar space [pneumonia]
27
What 2 chronic diseases associated with increased airflow resistance in airways?
chronic bronchitis bronchial asthma = like backup in an expressway; alveoli might be perfectly normal but the air can't get there
28
What possible etiologies of alveolar filling that prevent access to areas of gas exchange?
pneumonia | edema
29
What are some possible etiologies of obstacles to perfusion?
- destruction of alveolar capillaries - alteration of pulm blood flow [HTN] - obstruction of flow [pulm embolus/thrombus, compression]
30
What are the 2 circulations of pulm vasculature? function? resistance?
pulmonary arteries: low pressure, involved in gas exchange bronchial arteries: systemic pressure, nutrient vessels, supply bronchial tissue with nutrients
31
What is normal relationship PA pressure to systemic pressure?
PA pressure is 1/6th that of systemic
32
How do PA vessels differ from systemic counterparts?
thinner walls | wider vessels
33
What happens to pulm vessels wtih pulmonary HTN?
thickening of blood vessels due to pressure --> decrease lumen size --> decreased blood flow to gas exchange areas
34
What are some ways diffusion capacity can be impaired?
- loss of alveolar or endothelial area [emphysema] | - thickening of alveolar wall [fibrosis]
35
What is mech in fibrosis of V-Q mismatch?
thickened alveolar wall = less diffusion capacity
36
What is mech in emphysema of V-Q mismatch?
- loss of alveolar or endothelial area - desturction of alveolar surface - airway obstruction - less surface area for diffusion --> less gas exchagne
37
What 2 anatomic factors determine diffusion capactiy?
- alveolar surface area | - thickness of air-blood barrier
38
What types of abnormalities can alter pulmonary mechanics?
- anything that changes the lung - airway obstruction, vascular abnormalities, fibrosis - cardiac abnormalities - chest wall abnormalities
39
What structures in the lungs designed for protection?
- nasal hairs - branching airways - muco-ciliary escalaotr = cilitaed epithelium and mucus layer trap particles and sweep them out - alveolar macrophages
40
What size particles trapped in each part of lung?
> 10 microns = in nose/nasopharynx 5-10 microns = in mucous coated airways < 2 microns = reach alveoli

Pulm (24 decks)

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