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CHEM 201 > LEC 10: Biomolecules > Flashcards

LEC 10: Biomolecules Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

most important elements in living matter; elements of life

A

CHNOPS

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2
Q

elements of life composes ____ % of humans

A

97.9%

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3
Q

elements of life by body mass

A
  • carbon = 18%
  • hydrogen = 10%
  • oxygen = 65%
  • nitrogen = 3%
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4
Q

4 biomolecules

A
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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5
Q

polymeric substances composed of many amino acids linked together in a unique sequence

A

proteins

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6
Q

classifications of proteins

A
  • simple
  • conjugated
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7
Q

yield only amino acids when hydrolyzed

A

simple proteins

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8
Q

yield amino acids plus other products

A

conjugated proteins

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9
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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10
Q

what do amino acids do

A
  • break down food
  • grow and repair body tissue
  • make hormones and brain chemicals
  • provide an energy source
  • maintain healthy skin, hair and nails
  • build muscle
  • boost your immune system
  • sustain a normal digestive system
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11
Q

amino acid is any molecule with at least one ____ and one _____

A
  • carboxyl group
  • amino group
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12
Q

amino acids that are required to maintain good health; cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied from dietary protein

A

essential amino acids

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13
Q

either complete or incomplete based on the presence or absence of the 10 essential amino acids

A

dietary protein

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14
Q

supplies all the essential amino acids

A

complete protein

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15
Q

deficient in one or more essential amino acids

A

incomplete protein

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16
Q

good sources of complete proteins

A

animal based foods

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17
Q

sources of incomplete proteins

A

plant based foods

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18
Q

macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

carbohydrates

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19
Q

carbohydrates are also known as ____

A

sugars

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20
Q

simplest form of carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide

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21
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
  • ribose
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22
Q

two chemically bounded monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

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23
Q

disaccharides:

A
  • sucrose
  • lactose
  • maltose
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24
Q

glucose + fructose =

A

sucrose

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25
glucose + galactose =
lactose
26
two or more monosaccharides
polysaccharides
27
polysaccharides:
- starch - glycogen - cellulose
28
most abundant organic chemical in the world
cellulose
29
2 simplest carbohydrates:
- glyceraldehyde - dihydroxyacetone
30
sweet colorless crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism
glyceraldehyde
31
primarily used as an ingredient in sunless tanning products
dihydroxyacetane
32
4 major types of carbohydrates
- monosaccharides - disaccharides - oligosaccharides - polysaccharides
33
glucose is known by either:
- dextrose - grape sugar - blood sugar
34
also known as levulose, sweetest common sugar
fructose
35
covalent bond which links a carbohydrate molecule to another group
glycosidic bond
36
glucose + glucose =
maltose
37
carbohydrate with at least two but not more than six monosaccharide units linked together
oligosaccharides
38
large molecule consisting of unbranched chains
amylose
39
large molecule with branched chains
amylopectin
40
even more complex polysaccharides and act as labels to help the immune system differentiate an animals own cells from invading bacteria
antigens
41
part of connective tissue found in joints
glycosaminoglycans
42
fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
lipids
43
also known as fat tissues or fatty tissues
adipose tissue
44
energy storing cells that contain large globules of fat
adipocytes
45
simple lipid
triglyceride
46
compound lipid
phospholipid
47
steroid
cholesterol
48
miscellaneous lipid
lipoprotein
49
simple lipids include ____, ____, and ____
- fats - oils - waxes
50
triesther derivatives of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
fats and oils
51
from animals except fish oil; saturated
fats
52
from plants; unsaturated
oils
53
why do lipids aggregate in aqueous solutions?
to minimize their contact with water
54
uncontrolled lipid aggregation can lead to
atherosclerosis
55
metabolic disease in which there is a buildup of cholesterol-filled deposits called plaque on the inner walls of arteries
atherosclerosis
56
unsaturated fatty acid of a type as a result of the hydrogenation process
trans fat
57
reaction that turns oil into soap
saponification
58
four bases found in DNA
- adenine - cytosine - guanine - thymine
59
2 nucleic acids
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ribonucleic acid (RNA)
60
derivatives of nucleosides that contain one or more phosphate groups
nucleotides
61
relative location of genes and DNA in a cell
cell - nucleus - chromosomes - DNA - genes
62
"cell - nucleus - chromosomes - DNA - genes" meaning
genes are found in the DNA, which in turn is found in the chromosomes, and chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell
63
formation of two daughter cells when a parent cell undergoes cell division
mitosis
64
splitting of a cell soo tat the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the original amount; prepares the way for sexual reproduction
meiosis
65
example of a cancer drug that causes an abortive DNA replication
gemcitabine
66
drug that has a flat structure which allows it to slip between DNA bases and disrupt replication
cisplatin
67
consist of a single polymeric strand of nucleotides instead of a double helix
RNA
68
RNA contains the pyrimidine base _____ instead of thymine
uracil
69
any gene that causes cancer
oncogene
70
programmed cell death
apoptosis
71
caused by genetic or chromosomal changes
mutations
72
agent that causes the mutation
mutagen

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