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PHPY 301 > Lec 18/19 > Flashcards

Lec 18/19 Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory transduction mechanism in receptor cilia:

What happens following the binding of a G-olf protein with a odorant molecule?

A

the alpha subunit of G-olf in turn activates adenylyl cyclase, which produces cAMP.

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2
Q

What type of of receptor is associated with the olfactory transduction mechanism?

A

G-olf receptor

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3
Q

Olfactory transduction mechanism in receptor cilia:

what happens after the activation of the effector adenylyl cyclase and the production of its 2nd messenger?

A

cAMP binds to a cAMP-gated cation channel and by doing this, the channel increases permeability to Na, k, and Ca. this allows a net inward current and leads to the depolarization of the cell as well as Ca2+ increase

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4
Q

Olfactory transduction mechanism in receptor cilia:

What happens following membrane depolarization after the opening of the nonselective cation channel?

A

the increase in Ca2+ opens Ca activated Cl- channels which produce more depolarization because because of relatively high Cl concentrations of olfactory receptor neurons.

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5
Q

Olfactory transduction mechanism in receptor cilia:

What happens after the depolarization due to Ca2+ activated Cl- channels?

A

If the receptor exceeds the threshold, it triggers action potentials in the soma that travel down the axon and into the brain.

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6
Q

What are the 3 ways to terminate an Olfactory response?

A
  1. oderant diffuses away
  2. mucous layer enzymes break it down
  3. cAMP in receptor cell activates other signalling pathways.
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7
Q

What process depends on receptor potentials mediated through the effect of an environmental stimulus acting on a receptor molecule.

A

Sensory transduction

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8
Q

What are the 5 steps to the Sensory transduction pathway?

A

ERTRS

  1. Environment stimulus
  2. Receptor molecule
  3. Transduction channel
  4. Receptor potential
  5. spike train or Neurotransmitter release
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9
Q

what are the 4 types of sensory transduction?

A 
(TMCV)
Thermoreception
Mechanoreception
Chemoreception
Visual transduction
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10
Q

Which type of Sensory transduction is involved with hearing and touch?

A

Mechanoreception

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11
Q

Which type of sensory transduction is involved with taste and smell.?

A

Chemoreception

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12
Q

What senses are involved with mechanoreception?

A

hearing and touch

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13
Q

What senses are involved with chemotransduction?

A

taste and smell

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14
Q

What types of sensory transduction channel produces a “transient” response ?

A

TRP channel

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15
Q

What does TRP stand for?

A

Transient receptor potential

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16
Q

Are TRP receptor channels selective or non selective? and if so what are they selective to?

A

not selective and sometimes can be permeable to Ca

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17
Q

What are the “feelings” or sensations that are involved with TRP channels?

A 
PIHTT "PIT"
Pain
itch
heal
taste
touch
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18
Q

TRP channels can be activated or modulated by what range of environmental stimuli?

List:

A 
TIP2M 
temperature
ph
mechanical stress
interaction with chemicals
2nd messengers
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19
Q

What is the abbreviation for the “vanilloid” subfamily?

A

TRPV

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20
Q

What is the abbreviation for the “classical” subfamily?

A

TRPC

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21
Q

What is the abbreviation for the “melastatin” subfamily?

A

TRPM

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22
Q

What is the abbreviation for the “ankyrin” subfamily?

A

TRPA

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23
Q

How will A warmth thermoreceptor that experiences slow increasing change in temperature adjust its firing rate?

A

increase in fire rate

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24
Q

How will A cold thermoreceptor that experiences slow increasing change in temperature adjust it’s firing rate?

A

increase in fire rate

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25
Which type of thermoreceptor has a broader temperature response?
cold receptors
26
At what temperature does a cold receptor reach its max firing rate?
~25ºC
27
At what temperature does a hot receptor reach its max firing rate?
~46ºC
28
Are all neurons sensitive to temperature?
yes
29
What is the diameter of the small areas on your skin that are sensitive to changes in temperature?
1mm
30
T or F : A single thermoreceptor will be sensitive to both heat and cold.
False; they either cold or heat receptors.
31
What type of receptor is most likely free nerve endings?
thermalreceptors (cold and warm)
32
thermosensation is likely to be mediated by ______ channels. This was discovered due to tissue cultures.
ion channels
33
What are the mammalian thermal sensitive channels?
TRPV1-4 (1 is most important) TRPM8 TRPA1
34
What activates the thermosensitive channel TRPV1?
capsaicin
35
capsaicin activates which thermosensitive channel?
TRPV1
36
the pungent "hot" ingredient in chilly peppers is due to what ingredient?
capsaicin
37
What activates the thermosensitive channel TRPM8?
menthol
38
menthol activates which thermosensitive channel?
TRPM8
39
The cool mint-like compound that activates channels in thermoreception is called..
menthol
40
What thermosensitive channel(s) respond to heat?
TRPV1-4
41
What thermosensitive channel(s) respond to cold?
TRPM8, TRPA1
42
Which thermosensitive channels have a higher threshold?
Heat responsive | TRPV1-4
43
Which thermosensitive channels have a lower threshold?
Cold responsive | TRPM8, TRPA1
44
Which thermosensitive channel is activated by a wide range of compounds including garlic and cinnamon ?
TRPA1
45
What 2 Thermosensitive channels are activated by the substance icilin?
TRPA1, TRPM8
46
HEAT OR COLD? | activation of the channel is more sensitive
heat
47
HEAT OR COLD? | activation of the channel is less sensitive
cold
48
What are the names of the 2 different vestibular hair cells?
Type I and Type II
49
What type of cells are "hair cells"
modified endothelial cells
50
What are the 2 vestibular extracellular solutions called?
vestibular endolymph and paralymph
51
what is the potential of Endolymph?
0 mV
52
What is the potential of Paralymph?
0mV
53
What are defined as vestibular hair bundles?
Stereovilli
54
What is the voltage of a Vestibular type I cell?
-40mV
55
What is the voltage of a Vestibular type I cell?
-40mV
56
In the Vestibular system, what type of hair cells has a calyx-shaped afferent nerve terminal?
Type I cell
57
In the Vestibular system, what type of hair cells several bouton-shaped afferent nerve terminals?
Type II cell
58
In the Vestibular system, what type of hair cells has a bulbous basal area?
Type I cell
59
In the Vestibular system, what type of hair cells has a more cylindrical shape?
Type II cell
60
is there a high K+ concentration inside or outiside a type II vestibular hair cell?
inside
61
What are the tallest Stereosillia called?
Kinocillium "true cillium"
62
The K+ concentration is higher in which venstibular solution?
endolymph
63
Deformation of stereovilli in one direction cause opening of what type of channels?
TRPA1 channels
64
Deformation of stereovilli in the direction of the kinocillium causes.....
K+channels to open (in stereocillia)
65
K+ influx in stereocilli is caused by mechanical deformation in what direction?
toward the kinocillium
66
Deformation of stereovili away from the kinocilliu causes...
K+channels to close
67
In vestibular hair cells, what happens to the firing rates during a quick response?
firing rates increase
68
Ca2+ concentration is higher in which vestibullar solution?
paralymph
69
During Vestibular hair cell depolarization there is a Ca influx which leads to..
NT release
70
Vibration of stereovilli leads to rapid fluctuation in what 3 things?
1. membrane potential 2. Intracellular Ca 3. transmitter release
71
the channels are the tips of stereocilli are selective or non selective?
nonselective
72
The closing of channels on the stereocilli causes ...
hyperpolarization
73
Measurements of Ca2+ influx due to GFP showed that mechemoreceptive channels are located where?
close to the bottom of the "link tips" on the stereovilli
74
When a link tip is pulled with tension what happens?
the entry of Ca2+ and other ions!
75
What are the 5 primary taste qualities?
``` SS SUB sour salty sweet umami bitter ```
76
The taste of salt is due to what substance?
Na+ directly
77
The sour taste is due mainly to what substance?
acids or H+ protons
78
The Umami taste is due mainly to what substance?
amino acids
79
Which has a more diverse range of stimuli? taste or smell?
smell 400,000 oderants
80
a taste receptor is what kind of cell?
modified endothelial cell
81
Taste receptors as well as vestibular hair cells are what type of cells?
modified endothelial cells
82
each taste bud contains how many taste cells?
50-100 taste cells
83
Taste reception always depends on the release of what ion for the release of NT?
Ca2+
84
In taste cells, how is specificity acheived?
taste cells express only one type of transduction system linked with single sensory neurons.
85
What are the 2 types of taste buds?
1. Salty & Sour | 2. Sweet , Umami, and Bitter
86
Which taste sensation is due to Na+ levels in the saliva and uses the EnAC channels?
Salty

PHPY 301 (23 decks)

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