Lec 20 Flashcards by Cody Nelson

Cell body Location: Afferent Neuron

Dorsal root ganglion;

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Location: Afferent Neuron

receptor is at the peripheral ending; ends at the spinal cord

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“Two-Neuron Chain”

Autonomic Nervous System

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Efferent Neuron Nervous Systems

ANS and SNS

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Location: Efferent Neuron (ANS)

Preganglionic fiber originating in the CNS and terminating on a ganglion Postganglionic fiber originating in the ganglion and terminating on the effector organ.

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Location: Efferent Neuron (SNS)

starts in spinal cord and ends at the effector organ.

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3 Different types of Neurons

Afferent Neuron Efferent (ANS, SNS) Interneuron

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Type of Neuron that terminates at Interneurons.

Afferent Neuron

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Type of Neuron that terminates at effector organs (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine and some endocrine glands.)

ANS Efferent Neuron

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Type of Neuron that terminates at effector organs like skeletal muscle.

SNS Efferent Neuron

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Type of Neuron that terminates at interneurons and efferent neurons.

Interneuron

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Type of Neuron that carries information about external and internal environment to the CNS.

Afferent Neuron

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Type of Neuron that carriest instructions from CNS to effector organs

Efferent Neuron (ANS & SNS)

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Type of Neuron that processes and integrates afferent input; initiates and coordinates efferent output; responsible for thought and other higher mental functions

Interneuron

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What type of neuron has no Convergence of input on cell body?

Afferent Neuron

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What type of neuron’s Input can only be excited and not an inhibition signal ?

Afferent Neuron

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What types of neuro’s “ site of Action” is the “axon Hillock”

Efferent Interneurons

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Type of Neuron’s “ site of action “ is the first excitable portion of a membrane adjacent to a receptor?

Afferent Neuron

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Type of Neuron that can send inhibitory or excitatory inputs.

Efferent Interneuron

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Type of Neuron that outputs only excites?

afferent efferent (SNS)

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Type of Neuron that outputs can either excite or inhibit?

Interneuron Efferent (ANS)

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Drugs that inhibit Neuronal Na+ Channels

Tetrodotoxin Saxitoxin

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Drugs that inhibit Ca2+ Channels

w-conotoxin

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Drugs that inhibit Muscle Na+ Channels

Tetrodotoxin Saxitoxin u-Conotoxin

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Drugs that inhibit AChR Channel (Nicotinic)

d-Tubocurarine a-Bungarotoxin

Drugs that activate AChR Channel (Nicotinic)

ACh Nicotine

Drugs that inhibit AChe (Acetylcholinesterase)

Physostigmine DFP

Drugs that inhibit ACh release

Tetanus Drugs Botulinum toxin

Drugs that inhibit K+ Channel

Dendrotoxin

Drug that causes explosive release of ACh

Black widow spider venom

What inhibitors potentiate the effect of released ACh?

AChe inhibitors: Physostigmine DFP

Effects of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease

degeneration of motor neurons, paralysis and death (within 5 years)

Effects of Myasthenia gravis

muscle weakness(autoimmune response to ACh receptors at the NMJ)

Treatment of Myasthenia gravis

AChE inhibitors (Neostigmine) Irreversible: organophosphates - pesticides (parathion) nerve gases (sarin)

Organophosphates

AChE inhibitors and can be pesticides or nerve gases

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

autoimmune disease caused by antibodies directed against presynaptic Ca2+ channels; weakness and fatigue.

Nervous System that originates in the brain or lateral horn of the spinal cord

ANS

Nervous System that originates in the ventral horn of the spinal cord for most; muscles to the head originate from brain.

SNS

Nervous System that has Two-neuron chain

ANS

Nervous System that that has a single neuron (motor neuron)

SNS

Nervous System that only innervates skeletal muscle

SNS

Nervous System that has duel innervation with two antagonistic branches .

ANS

Nervous System that uses 2 neurotransmitters

ANS - ACh, NE

Nervous System that uses 1 neurotransmitter

SNS - ACh

Nervous System that is under involuntary control

ANS

Nervous System that is under voluntary and involuntary control

SNS

Nervous System that undergoes stimulation only (no inhibition)

SNS

Nervous System that is controlled by the Spinal cord?

SNS & ANS

Nervous System that controlled by the medulla, hypothalamus, prefrontal association cortex?

ANS

Nervous System that is controlled by motor cortex , basal nuclei, cerebellum, brain stem

SNS

Nervous System that originates (preganglionic) at the Thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

Sympathetic NS

Nervous System that is originates (preganglionic) at the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord?

parasympathetic NS

Nervous System that has its ganglion located in a ganglion chain (near spinal cord) , or collateral ganglia ?

Sympathetic NS

Nervous System that has its ganglion located in or near the effector organs (terminal ganglia)

Parasympathetic

Nervous System that has short cholinergic preganglionic fibers and long adrenergic postganglionic fibers?

Sympathetic NS

Nervous System that has Long cholinergic preganglionic fibers and short cholinergic postganglionic fibers

Parasympathetic

Nervous System that affects cardiac muscle, almost all smooth muscle, most exocrine glands, and some endocrine glands?

Sympathetic NS, Parasympathetic NS

Nervous System that has postganglion a1,a2,B1,B2 receptors

Sympathetic NS

Nervous System that has postganglionic M1-M5 (muscarinic) receptors

Parasympathetic

Nervous System that has preganglionic Nicotinic receptors?

Para and Sympathetic NS

Nervous System that responds to "fight or flight"

Sympathetic

Nervous System that responds to "rest and digest"

Parasympathetic

Cervical Vertebra

Thoracic Vertebra

Lumbar Vertebra

Sacral Vertebra

Coccygeal vertebra

Cauda Equina

"horse tail" rootlets that descend along the spinal cord after L1

The trend below the L1 Nerve?

spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column so nerve roots descend along the cord before emerging. this starts at L1

Meninges

protective coverings in the spinal cord

Nervous System that is mainly monosynaptic from the CNS to the target organ?

Somatic NS

Nervous System that has a n1 receptor at the effector?

Somatic NS

Nervous System that has a N2 receptor ?

ANS (para and symp)

What type of receptor is responsible for: -production of IP3 and DAG -decrease production of cAMP -regulation of K+ channels

Muscarinic R. (1-5)

Nervous System that contains adrenergic receptors ?

Sympathetic NS - a & B receptors

Adrenergic receptor types:

a1,a2,B1,B2

Adrenergic receptor that is located in most sympathetic target cells

Adrenergic receptor that is located in the digestive system

Adrenergic receptor that is located in the heart

Adrenergic receptor that is located in skeletal muscle; smooth muscle of some blood vessels and organs

Adrenergic receptor that has a greater affinity for NE than Epi?

a1,a2

Adrenergic receptor that has equal affinity for NE and Epi?

Adrenergic receptor that only has affinity for Epi and NOT Norepi?

Adrenergic receptor that is excitatory?

a1,B1

Adrenergic receptor that is inhibitory?

a2,B2

Adrenergic receptor that causes increased smooth muscle contraction

Adrenergic receptor that causes a decrease in digestive motility or decrease smooth muscle contraction

Adrenergic receptor that increases rate and strength of cardiac muscle contraction

Adrenergic receptor that causes breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle; bronchiolar dilation and arteriolar vasodilation in skeletal muscle and heart (decrease in smooth muscle contraction)

the Catecholamine receptors interact with Ga(s)

B1, B2, DA1

The Catecholamine receptors activate AC and raise levels of cAMP

B1,B2,DA1

the Catecholamine receptors interact with Ga(i)

a2 , D2

What Catecholamine receptors that inhibit AC

a2, D2

What Catecholamine interacts Ga(q)

What Catecholamine receptor activates PLC and produces IP3 and DAG

The nervous system that activates the Adrenal Medulla

Sympathetic NS

The receptors activated by the Adrenal medulla

a1,a2,B1,B2

The location of cell bodies in the sympathetic preganglionic neurons

intermediolateral column ofthe thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (t1-L3)

The location of cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

are either in the brain (midbrain, pons medulla) or in the sacral spinal cord (s2-s4)

a1-adrenergic agonists

(phenylephrine) used to treat nasal conjestion

B-adrenergic antagonists

(propanolol) used to treat hypertension

B-adrenergic agonist

(isoproterenol) used as bronchodilators to treat asthma

Atropine

muscarinic antagonist used to dilate the pupil for eye exams

varicosities

many axons of postganglionic neurons that make multiple points of contact.

Cotransmission

can modulate responses in the autonomic nervous system (small and large vessicles for fast and slow firing rate) [depends on Ca]

3 phases of contraction of vascular smooth muscle cell

phase 1 - ATP bind to P2X purinoceptor (depolarization) and a rapid Ca increase phase 2 - norepinephrine binds to an a1-receptor (Ga[q] cascade ip3 an DAG increase moderately fast calcium release) phase 3 - Y binds to Y1 receptor and causes a SLOW increase in Ca

NO (2 phases)

phase 1 - mediated by NO and ACh, neuron releases NO and it diffuses through smooth muscle cell; ACh binds to M3 on endothelial cells leading to production of NO (eNOS) . NO activates guanylyl cyclase and raise [cGMP]i in the smooth muscle cell. (relaxation) phase 2 - tends to occur more with prolonged or intense stimulation, VIP binds to receptors on smooth muscle cell and causes a delayed relaxation through an increase in [cAMP]i or decrease in Ca2+.