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PHPY 301 > Lec 22/23 > Flashcards

Lec 22/23 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of intercellular communication

A 
Gap junction
Transient direct link up cells
Paracrine secretion
Neurotransmitter secretion
Hormonal secretion
Neurohormone secretion
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2
Q

Intracellular chemical messengers

A 
paracrines
neurotransmitters
hormones
neurohormones
(indirect communication b/t cells)
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3
Q

Endocrine

A

release of hormones that act far away from targets.

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4
Q

Paracrine

A

release of signalling molecules that act on nearby cells in the immediate area.

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5
Q

Autocrine

A

cell acts on itself ( by feedback )

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6
Q

3 modes of cell Communication

A

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

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7
Q

a “wired system” with a specific structural arrangement. structural continuity in the system.

A

Nervous System

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8
Q

A “wireless system” organs widely dispersed and not structurally related to one another.

A

Endocrine system

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9
Q

System that requires neurotransmitters released into a synaptic cleft

A

Nervous System

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10
Q

System that requires Hormones released into the blood.

A

Endocrine system

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11
Q

System that acts a very short distance

A

Nervous

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12
Q

System that acts a long distance

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

System that depends on close anatomical relationship and not on specificity

A

Nervous

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14
Q

System that depends on specificity

A

Endocrine

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15
Q

System that is rapid, brief and precise.

A

Nervous

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16
Q

System that is slow and over a long duration

A

Endocrine

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17
Q

Which system has influence on other major control systems?

A

Endocrine and Nervous

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18
Q

Hormones

A
  1. regulate ion and water balance
  2. contribute to the response of external stress
  3. initiate steps in growth and development
  4. regulate the process of reproduction
  5. regulate the digestion, use, and storage of nutrients
  6. regulate the release of other hormones.*
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19
Q

Which endocrine glands soley affect endocrine function?

A

Pituitary
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Adrenal gland

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20
Q

What endocrine gland soley affects endocrine function and is a “regulator”?

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q

what are the regulator endocrine glands?

A

Pineal, Hypothalamus, Pituitary

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22
Q

What endocrine gland’s complete function is uncertain?

A

Pineal

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23
Q

What endocrine gland is a regulator and has a mixed function?

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

Hypothalamus: target cells

A

Anterior pituitary

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25
Pineal Gland: hormones
melatonin
26
Concentration of Hormones
10-9 to 10-12 molar (very low)
27
Activation of hormone receptors
effects of hormones are amplified, by the presence or certain hormone receptors a cell will respond to that hormone. 1. alters channel permeability 2. acts through second messenger system to alter activity of prexisting proteins 3. Activates specific genes to cause formation of new proteins
28
Hormones : GPCR receptors
``` Parathyroid hormone (PTH)--> AC Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)--> PLC Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)-->PLA ```
29
Insulin :receptor
has a-subunit(disulfide bonds), binds to Tyrosine Kinase--> protein phosphorylation (growth and development)
30
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): receptor
no alpha-subunit , binds to guanylyl cyclase --> cGMP
31
Growth Hormone (GH): receptor
1 a-subunit and 1 B-subunit , binds to JAK (janus kinase or just another kinase) Tyrosine Kinase domains. --> protein phosphorylation (growth and development)
32
Location: Steroid hormone receptors
act within the cell nucleus , but bind within the cytosol or nucleus.
33
Binding: steroid hormone receptors
activated steroid hormone receptors are bound within the nucleus or the cytosol and they bind to specific stretches of DNA called SREs, thus stimulating the transcription of appropriate geans
34
hsp
heat shock protein - hold steroid receptors.
35
SRE
stretches of DNA within the nucleus that are bound by steroid hormone receptors.
36
2 Types of Feedback Control
Simple Feedback Loop | Hierarchical control
37
Hierarchical control
a product regulates more than one enzyme.
38
Types of Hormones
Peptides, Amines (catecholamines&Thyroid Hormone), Steroids
39
Hormone Type: no aeromatic ring.
peptides
40
Hormone Type: Tyrosine derivative
Amines - Catecholamines & Thyroid Hormones
41
Hormone Type: Iodinated tyrosine derivative
Thyroid Hormone
42
Hormone Type: Cholesterol derivative
Steroids
43
Hormone Type: Hydrophilic
peptides, catecholamines
44
Hormone Type: Hydrophobic (lipophilic)
Thyroid Hormone, Steroids
45
Hormone Type: Synthesized Rough ER
peptides
46
Hormone Type:Synthesized in cytosol
catecholamines
47
Hormone Type:Synthesized in colloid
Thyroid Hormone
48
Hormone Type: Synthesized in intracellular compartments
from cholesterol --> steroids
49
Hormone Type:Stored secretory granules
peptides, Catecholamines (chromaffin granules)
50
Hormone Type: Not stored
Thyroid hormone, steroids (both released upon synthesis)
51
Hormone Type: mostly bound to plasma proteins
Thyroid Hormone, Steroids (partially catecholamines)
52
Hormone Type: free hormone (unbound)
peptides, Catecholamines (partially)
53
Hormone Type:receptor on Surface of target cell
peptides, catecholamines
54
Hormone Type: receptor inside target cell
thyroid hormone, steroids
55
Hormone Type: Activates specific genes to produce proteins
Thyroid hormone, Steroids
56
Hormone Type:Activates second messenger system to activate existing proteins
peptides, catecholamines
57
Hormone Type: from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid, gastrointestinal, kidneys, liver, thyroid C cells, heart
peptides
58
Hormone Type: only hormones from the adrenal medulla
catecholamines
59
Hormone Type: only hormones from the thyroid follicular cells
Thyroid Hormone
60
Hormone Type: Hormones from the adrenal cortex and gonads plus most placental hormones (kinda like VIT D)
steroids
61
Preprohormone
larger precursor peptides with a signal sequence at the N terminus of the peptide.
62
signal sequence
at the N terminus of a preprohormone that leads to the insertion of the growing peptide into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
63
prohormone
The structure following a preprohormone after the signal sequence is cleaved. When the prohormone is cleaved one or more hormones is made
64
Insulin formation: disulfide bonds
are formed when preproinsulin is cleaved to make proinsulin. They remain after proinsulin is cleaved to make insulin. (formed within the endoplasmic reticulum)
65
Synthesis of Neuropeptides : Basic AminoAcid pairs
common targets for processing enzymes (cleaving) *LYS&ARG*
66
LYS+ARG
common base pair for cleaving of neuropeptides
67
carboxypeptidase E
trims base pair AA resides of neuropeptides
68
peptidyl glycine a-amidating monooxygenase (PAM)
converts the carboxy terminus to an amide if the peptide ends in glycine.
69
Neuropeptides : Golgi
further modifications can be mades such as sulfation and phosphorylation takes place. 2 packaging schemes 1. cleaved inside the released vesicles = 2 types of peptides 2. cleaved inside golgi = sorted into separate vesicles
70
Synthesized directly from Tyrosine
3,4 - Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) (Enzyme - Tyrosine hydroxylase) (coenzyme - tetrahydrobiopterin BH4-->BH2)
71
tetrahydrobiopterin
BH4-BH2 coenzyme of tyrosine hydroxylase
72
Synthesized from DOPA
Dopamine | enzyme - DOPA decarboxylase
73
Synthesized from Norephinephrine
Epinephrine (enzyme - phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase) (coenzyme - adenyosyl-methionine --> adenyosyl - homocysteine)
74
Synthesized from Dopamine
Norepinephrine (enzyme - Dopamine B-hydroxylase) (coenzyme - ascorbic acid (reduced --> oxidized)
75
TH: feedback inhibited by..
Norepinephrine
76
MAO monoamine oxidase
breaks down NE into DOMA breaks down Dopamine into DOPAC (with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) help)
77
aldehyde dehydrogenase ADH
breaks down NE into DOMA breaks down Dopamine into DOPAC (with aldehyde dehydrogenase (MAO) help)
78
Steroid hormones: mineral corticoid
Aldosterone (from Progersterone) [Both adrenal cortex]
79
Steroid Hormones: glucocorticoid
Cortisol [adrenal cortex hormone]
80
Steroid Hormones: androgen
Testosterone [male sex hormone]
81
Steroid Hormones: an estrogen
``` Estrogen [female sex hormones] made up of: Estradiol* Estrone Estriol ```
82
Steroid Hormones:
Cholesterol, Aldosterone, Progesterone, Cortisol, testosterone, Estriadiol
83
Regulation of Free hormone
tightly regulated by binding to plasma proteins
84
99% of hormones
exist in bound protein form
85
Hyposecretion
too little hormones
86
Hypersecretion
too much hormone (tumor)
87
Radioimmunoassay
Hormone quantification ; the process by which the concentration of hormones (in blood) or receptors (in tissue) can be measured using labelled hormones.
88
Saturation plot
hormone antibody complex [y] vs total labeled hormone [x] ; if you increase the number of hormones , you will increase the amount bound (competition) [SIGMOID] +
89
Displacement curve
labelled hormone bound to antibody [y] vs total unlabelled hormone [x] if you increase the number of hormones unlabelled, you decrease the number of labelled hormones. [linear negative]
90
Scatchard Plot
Bound steroid/free Steroid [y] vs bound steroid [x] Slope = -1/Kd where y = zero , is the total number of receptors

PHPY 301 (23 decks)

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