lec 2 +3 في جدول لل Necrosis

Question 1

METAPLASIA

Answer 1

It is a way of cell adaptation by replacement of normal adult tissue by another normal adult tissue

Question 2

EXAMPLES OF METAPLASIA

Answer 2

1 Squamous metaplasia in respiratory epithelium( from columnar to sqamous)
habitual smokers and in Vitamin A deficiency
2Gastric or intestinal metaplasia in esophageal mucosa
due to gastric reflux (Barrett esophagus)
3o Bone metaplasia in soft tissues

Question 3

DYSPLASIA

Answer 3

o It means deranged maturation.
i.e. proliferation and atypical cytologic alterations involving cell size,
shape and organization.
its not an adaptation process its more like a diseas

Question 4

CELL INJURY

Answer 4

o Cell injury results when cells are stressed so severely that they are no
longer able to adapt or when cells are exposed to inherently
damaging agents or suffer from intrinsic abnormalities

Question 5

TYPES OF CELL INJURY

Answer 5

1- Reversible

2- Irreversible

Question 6

REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY تتميز بانها

Answer 6

In early stages or with mild forms of injury,
the
functional and morphologic changes are reversible if the
damaging stimulus is removed
At this stage, the injury has typically not progressed to
severe membrane damage and nuclear dissolution

Question 7

type of REVERSIBLE INJURY

Answer 7

1- Cellular swelling

2- Fatty change

Question 8

how CELL SWELLING happen

Answer 8

Hypoxia → derangement in oxidative
phosphorylation by mitochondria (aerobic respiration)
→ decreased ATP and increased AMP →and this will result in

1. Loss of ATP-dependent Na+ ion pump → increased
   influx of Na+ and water → Cell swelling
   2- Increase in the rate of anaerobic glycolysis → Increased
   glycolysis → glycogen depletion → accumulation of lactic
   acids → ↓ intracellular pH → clumping of chromatin تكتل الكروموسوم

Question 9

how FATTY CHANGE happen

Answer 9

o Abnormal accumulation of fat within parenchymal cells.
o It occurs in cells participating in fat metabolism, e.g.
hepatocytes and myocytes.

Question 10

Normal Pathway of FA

Answer 10

Adipose tissue+Diet (source of FA)

FFA+Chylomicrons

Liver

Triglycerides
Cholesterol

+Apoproteins

Lipoproteins

Question 11

condition that associated with the increas of fatty acid

Answer 11

1. Increased entry of free fatty acids (FFA) to the liver, e.g.

starvation and corticosteroids.

2. Increased fatty acid synthesis
3. Decreased fatty acid oxidation
4. Increased esterification of fatty acids to triglycerides
5. Decrease in apoprotein synthesis
6. Impaired lipoprotein secretion.

Question 12

CAUSES OF FATTY CHANGE

Answer 12

1. Alcohol
2. Malnutrition
3. Diabetes mellitus
4. Obesity
5. Hepatotoxins
6. Chronic illnesses

Question 13

MORPHOLOGY OF REVERSIBLY INJURED CELLS

Ultrastructural changes

Answer 13

1. Changes ascribable to alteration in the plasma membrane
   a. Swelling
   b. Formation of cytoplasmic blebs
   c. Bluntingاقل حده and distortion of microvilli
   d. Loosening of intercellular attachments
2. Mitochondrial changes
   a. Swelling of the mitochondril
   b. Abnormal shape
   c. Enlargement of mitochondria
   d. Rupture of mitochondrial membranes
   e. The appearance of phospholipid-rich amorphous densities
3. Dilation of the ER with detachment of ribosomes and
   dissociation of polysomes
4. Nuclear alterations with clumping of chromatin

Question 14

IRREVERSIBLE INJURY

NECROSIS mean

Answer 14

Necrosis = morphologic changes that follow cell death in a living
tissue or organ resulting from the progressive degradation of
enzymes on lethally injured cells.

Question 15

LIGHT MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE of irreversible injury

Answer 15

o 1. Cytoplasmic eosinophilia
o 2. Glassy appearance
o 3. Vacuolation of the cytoplasm
o 4. Myelin figures
o 5. Calcification
o 6. Nuclear changes:-
   1- Karyolysis

Secondary to deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity.

2- Pyknosis

Nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia

3- Karyorrhexis

Fragmentation of the nucleus

Question 16

Karyolysis

Answer 16

a type of nuclear change where complete disappear of nuclear basophilia due to DNAse

Question 17

Pyknosis

Answer 17

a type of nuclear change where Nuclear shrinke and increased basophilia

Question 18

Karyorrhexis

Answer 18

a type of nuclear change with Fragmentation of the nucleus happens

Question 19

basophilia mean

Answer 19

an abnormally highbasophil level is acondetion cause stain with a basic dye blue

Question 20

There are two processes that bring the necrosis about :

Answer 20

1. Enzymatic digestion (autolysis and heterolysis)

2. Denaturation of proteins

Question 21

TYPES OF NECROSIS

Answer 21

1. Coagulative necrosis
2. Liquefactive necrosis
3. Caseous Necrosis
4. Fat Necrosis
5. Gangrenous necrosis
6. Fibrinoid necrosis

Question 22

how can we detect necrosis by blood

give 3 example

Answer 22

oLeakage of intracellular proteins through the damaged cell
membrane and ultimately into the circulation provides a
means of detecting tissue-specific necrosis using blood or
serum samples.
example
- Increased serum level of the enzyme creatine kinase and of
the contractile protein troponin indicates cardiac injury.

• Increased enzyme alkaline phosphatase indicates bile duct
  injury
• Increased hepatic transaminases indicates hepatocytes injury.