lec 3 metazoa key characters

Question 1

metazoa

Answer 1

a phylogeny of kingdom animalia

Question 2

what cellularity are protists?

Answer 2

almost always unicellular

Question 3

what cellularity are fungi?

Answer 3

multicellular

Question 4

what cellularity are plants and aimals

Answer 4

always multicellular

Question 5

why is it hard to distinguish multicellular vs single celled

Answer 5

because of the continuum between them

Question 6

how many times has multicellularity evolved

Answer 6

as many as 25 to as few as 13

Question 7

what are the 5 criteria of multicellilarity

Answer 7

1) not viable as single cell
2) cells are interdependent
3)morphologically differentiated for different tasks
4) 2 or more cells work in a coordinated fashion on a common task
5) 2 or more layers of cells are present in organisms body

Question 8

cillia vs flagella

Answer 8

cillia: shorted beat stiffly
flagella: long and beat undulating- more than one curve

Question 9

symmetrical

Answer 9

animals can be split into similar halves along at least one axis of their body

Question 10

asymmetrical

Answer 10

lack plane of symmetry

Question 11

spherical symmetry

Answer 11

completely spherical shape and many planes of symmetry

Question 12

where is spherical symmetry seen

Answer 12

a few protists

Question 13

radial symmetry

Answer 13

body parts arranged radially around a central oral- aboral axis

Question 14

where is radial symmetry seen most

Answer 14

some sponges, and some cnidarian polyps

Question 15

Biradial symmetry

Answer 15

aboral axis but differentiation on the body. Means two planes of symmetry

Question 16

where is biradial symmetry seen

Answer 16

most ctenophores

Question 17

quadriradial symmetry

Answer 17

there are four planes of symmetry

Question 18

where is quadriradial symmetry seen

Answer 18

cnidarian medusae

Question 19

pentaradial symmetry

Answer 19

oral/ aboral axis and 5 planes of symmetry

Question 20

where is pentaradial symmetry seen

Answer 20

echinoderms

Question 21

bilateral symmetry

Answer 21

single anterior posterior plane divides body into mirrored left and right halves

Question 22

where is bilateral symmetry seen

Answer 22

bilateria clade

Question 23

mitotic binary fission

Answer 23

asexual reproduction
protists not metazoans

Question 24

fragmentation
Where does it occur??

Answer 24

worm mfs splitting
sponges, many worm phyla
asexual

Question 25

budding

Answer 25

where a bud results in independent individual or it remains attached. asexual

Question 26

attached buds result in

Answer 26

colony

Question 27

animal colonies

Answer 27

multicellular organisms physically connected and are genetically identical.

Question 28

sexual reproduction

Answer 28

involves fusion of two meiotically produced haploid cells (gametes) to form diploid zygote

Question 29

egg

Answer 29

larger, non motile, made by females

Question 30

sperm

Answer 30

smaller and motile, usually flagellated, made by males

Question 31

yolk

Answer 31

nutritive material inside egg

Question 32

isolecithal

Answer 32

egg have yolk particles distributed evenly through the cytoplasm

Question 33

telolecithal

Answer 33

yolk concentrated towards one end of the egg

Question 34

centrolecithal

Answer 34

yolk concentrated at centre of the cell

Question 35

hermaphroditism

Answer 35

single individual can make both eggs and sperm

Question 36

type of hermaphroditism where individual makes both ehhs and sperm at same time

Answer 36

simultaneous hermaphroditism

Question 37

hermodaphroditism where eggs and sperm at seperate times in animals life

Answer 37

sequential hermaphroditism

Question 38

parthenogenesis

Answer 38

females produce eggs that develop into offspring without being fertilized

Question 39

word for when unfertilized haploid eggs develop into males and the fertilized ones develop to females

Answer 39

haplodiploid parthenogenesis

Question 40

word for unfertilized diploids eggs develop to females and no males are produced

Answer 40

all-female parthenogenesis

Question 41

ontogeny

Answer 41

process when individual transforms from single celled zygote to multi celled embryo and from that to reproductive adult

Question 42

embryogenesis

Answer 42

patterns in the early stages of development

Question 43

cleavage

Answer 43

the initial cell divisions of a zygote

Question 44

how thoroughly blastomeres separate from eachother depends on the distribution of:

Answer 44

yolk in the egg

Question 45

initial products of cleavage

Answer 45

blastomeres

Question 46

holoblastic cleavage

Answer 46

involves complete separation of the blastomeres and occurs in isolecithal and lightly telolecithal eggs

Question 47

meroblastic cleavage

Answer 47

involves incomplete separation of the blastomares and occurs in strongly telolecithal eggs bc cell membranes cant penetrate the dense yolk

Question 48

radial cleavage

Answer 48

early cell divisions after the 5 cell stage stack the new blastomeres directly above the previous ones

Question 49

spiral cleavage

Answer 49

new row of blastomeres is twisted slightly off centre

Question 50

holoblastic cleavage results in

Answer 50

a hollow ball of cells

Question 51

what does meroblastic cleavage result in?

Answer 51

a cap of cells lying on top of the yolk

Question 52

true tissues

Answer 52

collection of simmilar cells, and a extracellular matrix, that arise from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function

Question 53

organs

Answer 53

formed by the same functional grouping together of multiple tissue samples

Question 54

germ layers

Answer 54

embryonic tissue layers

Question 55

diploblastic

Answer 55

taxa have only endoderm and ectoderm

Question 56

triploblastic

Answer 56

have endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

Question 57

gastrulation

Answer 57

-initial formation of the embryonic tissue layers -also forms the embryonic gut

Question 58

embryo is a

Answer 58

gastrula

Question 59

blind gut

Answer 59

incomplete gut a mouth but no anus

Question 60

what does the blastospore become

Answer 60

the mouth

Question 61

protostome style development

Answer 61

mouth develops first

Question 62

deuterostome style

Answer 62

mouth develops second

Question 63

coelom

Answer 63

body cavity filled with fluid created by animal

Question 64

are coeloms present in all triploblastic animals

Answer 64

no

Question 65

aoelomate

Answer 65

no fluid filled body cavity

Question 66

pseudocoelomate

Answer 66

fluid filled cavity is lined with mesoderm only on one side

Question 67

schizocoely

Answer 67

hollowing out of soluid masses of mesoderm to form one or more coelomic cavities

Question 68

enterocoely

Answer 68

out pocketing of mesoderm tissue associated with the gut walls

Question 69

skeleton

Answer 69

array of elements that support the body of an organism and may also play role in movement

Question 70

hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 70

fluid based skeleton

Question 71

rigid internal skeleton

Answer 71

endoskeleton

Question 72

rigid external skeleton

Answer 72

exoskeleton

Question 73

what is oxygen used for?

Answer 73

respiration to get rid of CO2 and other wastes, transport nutrients

Question 74

how do extremely flat or small organism's circulatory systems work?

Answer 74

diffusion

Question 75

how do large organism's circulatory systems work?

Answer 75

move water through their bodies

Question 76

how do pseidocoelomates circulatory systems work

Answer 76

use fluid in their body cavities for internal transport

Question 77

closed circulatory system

Answer 77

blood kept seperate from coelomic fluid in closed vessels

Question 78

open circulatory system

Answer 78

blood and fluid in same cavity

Question 79

fluid in open circ system called what

Answer 79

haemolymph

Question 80

haemolymph flows through the

Answer 80

haemocoel