lecture 2- evolution and shti

Question 1

biological taxonomy

Answer 1

theory and practice of classifying organisms

Question 2

biological systematics

Answer 2

theory and practice of classifying organisms

Question 3

nomenclature

Answer 3

system of rules for naming things

Question 4

what book did mr linnaeus write and what did it argue

Answer 4

systema naturae
argued for binomial system for species w genus and specific epithet

Question 5

when do valid names for animals start

Answer 5

1758(when systema naturae for animals was out)w

Question 6

what did the early linnaean system propose

Answer 6

nested categories or ranks
ie kingdom class, order, genus, specific epithet(species)

Question 7

the taxonomic ranks

Answer 7

hierarchially nested,
,domain, kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 8

taxon/ taxa

Answer 8

groups that have been given names

Question 9

how is the scientific name written

Answer 9

-genus and species are italicized
-taxon names capitalized(except species)
-author of species description sometimes beside the species name

Question 10

ICZN

Answer 10

international code for zoological nomenclature
-ie the rules for naming

Question 11

what happens when taxa is higher than superfamily

Answer 11

ICZN doesnt control, may be more than one name for taxa

Question 12

what happens when taxa lower than super family

Answer 12

names controlled by ICZN
one official name for taxa at each rank

Question 13

extant

Answer 13

still alive

Question 14

extinct

Answer 14

no longer any living members

Question 15

what happens after potentially new species compared to similars and found to be new?

Answer 15

taxonomists describe and publish its description into scientific journal

Question 16

what does describing a new species involve?

Answer 16

taking measurements and making drawings and taking photos, noting differences b/w new guy and already described mfs

Question 17

what is a type

Answer 17

individual specimen- holotype
or individual species or genus upon which the next higher entity is based
ie H acanthocharis is type species of heatherella which is the type genus of heatherellidae

Question 18

what is the family level taxa suffix

Answer 18

idae

Question 19

what is the superfamily level suffix

Answer 19

oidea

Question 20

what did linnaeus suggest about the origin of spcies

Answer 20

species in a genus arise after the creation of the world through hybridization

Question 21

charles darwin’s idea of phylogenesis

Answer 21

phylogenic relationships could be portrayed in a tree like formal

Question 22

significance of Haeckel

Answer 22

first to use real taxa rather than hypothetical for his trees

Question 23

what is the goal of taxonomy and systematics

Answer 23

create taxonomies that as closely as possible reflect phylogenic relationships

Question 24

what happens to the name of the author when a species moved to diff genus

Answer 24

parentheses around author and date

Question 25

Willi Hennig approach where is it used most what is it called

Answer 25

approached to phylogenetics that what logical and repeatable non molecular data2 AKA cladistics

Question 26

what was the phylogenic system like before hennig?

Answer 26

ad authoritarian "im the expert so these are the features used for systematics"

Question 27

the main points of cladistics (4)

Answer 27

1) taxa relationshoips follow dichotomously branching patterns displayed on diagrams called cladograms 2) synapomorphies provide only evidence for recentness of common ancestry 3) choice bw mfsdecided on parsimony 4) taxonomy should be based on phylogeny, and phylogenic rlshps should be recontructable based on taxonomy

Question 28

outgroup

Answer 28

taxa known or suspected to have split off prior to diversification of taxa of interest

Question 29

ingroup

Answer 29

-taxa whose rlshps you wish to untangle -diversified through character states

Question 30

what does 1 and 0 mean in a compile list

Answer 30

0- state shown by outgroup 1- different state from that shown by outgroup

Question 31

what are outgroup states assumbed to be what about ingroup states

Answer 31

ancestral derived

Question 32

what is a polarized state change

Answer 32

evolutionary direction 0 ---> 1

Question 33

whats the difference b/w rooted and unrooted trees and what makes a tree rooted

Answer 33

unrooted: directionality and evolutionary changes unclear rooted: direction of evolutionary changes clear what makes it rooted: outgroups

Question 34

clade

Answer 34

group that contains all descendants of a common ancestor, no others

Question 35

what happens if a clade is named

Answer 35

it is also a taxon

Question 36

do named clades have to be given ranks

Answer 36

no

Question 37

synapomorphies

Answer 37

shared derived traits present in more than one ingroup taxon

Question 38

symplesionmorphies

Answer 38

shared, ancestral traits

Question 39

autamorphies

Answer 39

derived traits present in one taxon

Question 40

what do hash markes indicate on a tree

Answer 40

characters hypothesized to have changed state

Question 41

william of ockham- whatd he do

Answer 41

argued the cpinciple of parsimony, or occams razor -most parsimonious(least amt of steps) is the best one

Question 42

homologous character states

Answer 42

more than one species, and that arose in the common ancestor of that group

Question 43

homoplasious states

Answer 43

present in more than one species but arose independently more than once -convergent or parallel evolution

Question 44

reversal

Answer 44

type of homoplasy -reversal from a derived to an ancestral state

Question 45

convergence

Answer 45

two or more lineages evolve independently towards similar state

Question 46

divergence

Answer 46

two or more lineages evolve independently to become less similar

Question 47

radiations

Answer 47

multiplle divergences from a common ancestor resulting in >2 descendant lineages

Question 48

parallel evolution

Answer 48

two or more species of closely related taxa achieve similar evolutionary modifications

Question 49

what is the goal of cladistic reconstruction

Answer 49

homology is maximized and homoplasy (including reversals) are minimized -will be the most parsimonious

Question 50

sister clades

Answer 50

two clades that share a more recent common ancestor

Question 51

consensus tree

Answer 51

summarizes agreements as resolved dichotomous branches, disagreements as polytomies

Question 52

monophyletic taxa

Answer 52

named clades that contain all descendants of a common ancestor

Question 53

paraphyletic

Answer 53

missing one or more descendants

Question 54

polyphyletic

Answer 54

include species that do not share a most recent common ancestor

Question 55

phylogenies and classification are not immutable truths, they are

Answer 55

hypotheses to be tested

Question 56

what is molecular phylogenic revolution

Answer 56

conflicts between molecular and non molecular datasets some classifications are changed after additional analyses to support the new interpretation

Question 57

the 3 domains

Answer 57

eukarya, bacteria, archaea