lec 4

Question 1

what is the taxonomic group protists

Answer 1

-unranked, paraphyletic groupings of eukaryoties
-not plants, animals, or fungi

Question 2

what are the two reasons kingdom protista given up on?

Answer 2

1) taxon not monophyletic
2) molecular divergencea

Question 3

how many recognized phyla of protists

Answer 3

6 to 50

Question 4

how are protists classified

Answer 4

-general morphology, modes of movement, modes of reproductions
-groupings of convenience

Question 5

how many known species protists

Answer 5

73000

Question 6

what is predicted true richness of protists

Answer 6

140000 to 1.6 millski

Question 7

what is cellularity of protists

Answer 7

vast majoroty are unicellular or colonial

Question 8

what protists are multicellular

Answer 8

most red algae and some green algae

Question 9

asexual reproduction methods protists

Answer 9

binary fission
multiple fission
plasmotomy

Question 10

binary fission

Answer 10

cell nucleus duplicates mitotically and then cell splits

Question 11

multiple fission

Answer 11

nucleus undergoes several mitotic divisions before dividing into multiple
daughter cells with their own nucleus

Question 12

plasmotomy

Answer 12

multinucleate (but still single-celled) individual splits into two
or more multinucleate daughter cells
similar to budding or fragmentation

Question 13

opalinid symbionts of amphibians life cycle

Answer 13

both sexual and asexual plasmotomyreproduction

Question 14

size of most protists

Answer 14

100-200 μm

Question 15

skeletal structure created by protists metabolic activity

Answer 15

autogenic skeleton

Question 16

skeleton made of other materials glued together
by the protist

Answer 16

allogenic skeleton

Question 17

endosymbiosis
does it happen in protists

Answer 17

many instances among protists
-capture of aerobic proteobacterium by pre eukaryotic cell w membrane bound nucleus
bacterium–> mitochondrion

Question 18

primary endosymbiosis

Answer 18

capture of free-living
bacteria by eukaryotes

Question 19

secondary endosymbioses

Answer 19

capture of a eukaryotic cell by a eukaryotic
cell

Question 20

photosynthetic plastid origin

Answer 20

ancient primary endosymbiosis bw heterotrophic
eukaryote and a photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Question 21

what are the remenants of endosymbiosis by cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes

Answer 21

-nucleus and nuclear genome of
their eukaryotic algal endosymbionts
-retain a total of four cell membranes around the
photosynthetic plastid

Question 22

another word for nucleus

Answer 22

nucleomorph

Question 23

types of locomotion in protists

Answer 23

some sessile
most are either sedentary or mobile

Question 24

planktonic

Answer 24

float without much control over
their lateral direction

Question 25

pseudopodia

Answer 25

temporary cytoplasm-filled extensions of the cell used for locomotion and prey

Question 26

pseudopodia most common in

Answer 26

Amoebozoa

Question 27

2 main types of pseudopodia

Answer 27

lobopodia axopodia

Question 28

lobopodia

Answer 28

blunt, thick extensions

Question 29

axopodia

Answer 29

thin, rigid, supported by microtubules

Question 30

what can cytoplasm in cell be like? (2)

Answer 30

fluid endoplasm thick and gel-like ectoplasm

Question 31

Ciliata has a distinct

Answer 31

abundance of cilia

Question 32

photoautotrophic protists feeding

Answer 32

sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own carbohydrates

Question 33

heterotrophic protists

Answer 33

feed on other organisms

Question 34

mixotrophic protists

Answer 34

can feed on others or make their own carbohydrates

Question 35

in feeding, ____move water and particulate matter towards the _____

Answer 35

cillia, cytostome

Question 36

phagocytosis

Answer 36

solid food particles are surrounded by a vacuole in which they are digested

Question 37

pinocytosis

Answer 37

dissolved material via very small vesicles that open at the cell membranes surface

Question 38

food vacuole

Answer 38

digestion of solid particles

Question 39

contractile vacuoles

Answer 39

accumulate and expel excess water

Question 40

contractile vacuoles are more prominent in

Answer 40

freshwater protists solute concentrations in their cytoplasm is often higher than in the surrounding water(prolly dont have 2 know)

Question 41

Phyla Diplomonadida and Parabasalida unique features

Answer 41

- lack mitochondria, but had them originally(no use in anoxic enviro) - anoxic habitats such as stinky substrates and animal guts

Question 42

what phyla and genus causes beaver fever

Answer 42

diplomonad, Giardia

Question 43

parabasalids include

Answer 43

hypermastigote protists, some endosymbionts of insects

Question 44

what help hypermastigotes swim

Answer 44

ectosymbiotic spirochaete bacteria associated w cell membrane

Question 45

Phylum Euglenida distinct features

Answer 45

-pellicle -move using their flagella -red light detecting eyespot for finding areas for photosynthesis

Question 46

phylum Kinetoplastida

Answer 46

move using flagella that create broad undulating membrane -kinetoplast

Question 47

kinetoplast

Answer 47

single, large mitochondrion with a high concentration of mtDNA

Question 48

what cause sleeping sickness? what phyla

Answer 48

trypanosomes, kinetoplastida

Question 49

ciliata distinctive features

Answer 49

complex, directed, animalike movement (even though single celled) macro and micronucleus

Question 50

micronucleus

Answer 50

diploid involved in sexual reproduction

Question 51

macronucleus

Answer 51

hyperpolyploid many copies of the genome that is involved in metabolism

Question 52

Phylum Choanoflagellata distinctive features

Answer 52

cell has a collar of interconnected microvilli surrounding single flagellum

Question 53

Choanoflagellata collar and flagellum function

Answer 53

beating of the flagellum draws water in through the collar, which acts as a filter, removing food to be later phagocytosed

Question 54

how are choanoflagellata related to animals (3)

Answer 54

-look like the collar cells of sponges -colonial tendencies suggests origin of multicellularity -molecularly fall out near base of metazoa

Question 55

newly discovered choanoflagellate movement

Answer 55

-move by flexing an entire sheet of cells up and down -response to light levels