[LEC] UNIT 3.2.1 Endocrinology

Question 1

This is a medical condition characterized by
inadequate production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

Answer 1

GH Deficiency

Question 2

Most common cause of growth hormone
deficiency

Answer 2

GHRH gene mutation

Question 3

There is growth hormone but the problem is on
the receptors of the hormone or the production
of IGF-1

Answer 3

GH Insensitivity

Question 4

Hyposecretion of GH during growth years

Answer 4

Dwarfism

Question 5

Major types of Dwarfism

Answer 5

Proportionate Dwarfism
Disproportionate Dwarfism

Question 6

Specific examples of disproportionate drawfism

Answer 6

DASHfism

Diastrophic dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Spondyloepihyseak Dsyolasia Congenita or SEDC
Hypoachondroplasia

Question 7

Most common type of disproportionate dwarfism

Answer 7

Achondroplasia

Question 8

“Tallest dwarfism”
Short-limbed

Answer 8

Hypoachondroplasia

Question 9

rare disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism

Answer 9

Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenital or SEDC

Question 10

Most disabling dwarfism

Answer 10

Diastrophic dysplasia

Question 11

disease associated with hitch hiker thumb and scoliosis

Answer 11

Diastrophic dysplasia

Question 12

This condition results from overproduction of
growth hormone by the pituitary gland, often due to a tumor.

Answer 12

GH excess

Question 13

Common cause of hyperproduction of GH

Answer 13

pituitary tumor

Question 14

Minor cause of GH excess

Answer 14

Aryl Hydrocarbon Interacting Protein gene mutation or AIP gene mutation

Question 15

Organomegaly, a symptom of excess growth hormone, is commonly seen in which structure

Answer 15

thyroid (thyromegaly)

Question 16

Most common organomegaly in GH excess

Answer 16

thyromegaly

Question 17

Hypersecretion of GH during childhood

Answer 17

gigantism

Question 18

associated with gigantism; causes a delay in the growth of the long bones and when there is hypersecretion of GH

Answer 18

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 19

Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

Answer 19

Acromegaly

Question 20

T or F: Gigantism occurs before long bones are formed, while acromegaly occurs after the epiphyseal bones have closed

Answer 20

T

Question 21

pituitary tumor that directly
secretes prolactin, and it represents the most
common type of pituitary tumor

Answer 21

prolactinoma

Question 22

Hypersecretion of prolactin
Most common type of pituitary tumor

Answer 22

Prolactinoma

Question 23

Overproduction or inappropriate production of
breast milk

Answer 23

Galactorrhea

Question 24

Absence of menstruation in women

Answer 24

Amenorrhea

Question 25

Effect of hypersecretion of prolactin in men

Answer 25

Impotence

Question 26

Most common cause is the tumor in the brain/prolactinoma that may press on the pituitary stalk that will disrupt the production of dopamine

Answer 26

Galactorrhea

Question 27

T or F: The prolactin may inhibit the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 27

T

Question 28

due to hypersecretion of PRL in males

Answer 28

impotence

Question 29

Medications that cause hyperprolactinemia

Answer 29

Psychiatric medications Antihypertensives Antihistamines H2 Oral contraceptives Opiates

Question 30

This is a form of Cushing’s syndrome caused by a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that leads to excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 30

Cushing’s disease

Question 31

If there is increased cortisol, your cortisol mimics the action of

Answer 31

aldosterone

Question 32

action of aldosterone

Answer 32

sodium retention => hypertension

Question 33

post-partum ischemic necrosis

Answer 33

Sheehan syndrome

Question 35

Lack of FSH and LH in both male and female

Answer 35

infertility

Question 36

Inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse

Answer 36

infertility

Question 37

Maintains water homeostasis

Answer 37

AVP

Question 38

AVP acts on

Answer 38

distal convoluted and collecting tubules

Question 39

it has to reach greater than ____ mOsm/kg (milliosmoles per kilogram) for your AVP to be secreted by the hypothalamus

Answer 39

295

Question 40

normal pOsm

Answer 40

<284 mOsm/kg

Question 41

causes of DI

Answer 41

Deficient AVP (secretion/transport) Resistant to the action of AVP Excessive water intake

Question 42

Types of DI:

Answer 42

Neurogenic DI/Hypothalamic DI Nephrogenic DI Primary polydipsia Gestational DI

Question 43

In Gestational DI, there is a degradation of your AVP, coming from the enzyme

Answer 43

placental cystine aminopeptidase

Question 44

Hallmark of Diabetes Insipidus:

Answer 44

(+) Hypotonic polyuria

Question 45

The urine of patients with DI has been classically described as

Answer 45

insipid

Question 46

Can be due to either dipsogenic DI or psychogenic polydipsia.

Answer 46

primary polydipsia

Question 47

setpoint for ADH secretion is normal; however, a resetting of the thirst threshold occurs so that it is now below the threshold for ADH secretion.

Answer 47

dipsogenic DI

Question 48

the osmostat for ADH secretion is normal.

Answer 48

psychogenic polydipsia

Question 49

The ADH secretion is normal but it is a psychiatric disorder

Answer 49

Psychogenic polydipsia

Question 50

Differentiating between nephrogenic DI and PP, as well as among those who have an equivocal response to ADH, is best achieved by plotting the

Answer 50

basal and post dehydration UOsm and plasma ADH on nomograms

Question 51

nomograms are created by

Answer 51

Zerbe and Robertson