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VET - Pharm > Lec4 > Flashcards

Lec4 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Therapeutic Range

A

drug concentration in the body that produces the desired effect with minimal or no signs of toxicity; Detrimental effects are minimal and benefits are maximal

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2
Q

Solutions

A

clear liquid preparations that contain 1 or more solvents and one or more solutes

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3
Q

Solvents

A

usually sterile water added to a dry powder medication creating a solution for IV injection

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4
Q

Suspensions

A

liquid preparations that contain solid drug particles suspended in a suitable medium

are “suspended” but not dissolved

drug particles settle out on standing

must always shake before using

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5
Q

What is the major rule regarding Solvents?

A

almost all products that are suspensions are NOT administered by an IV route

exception to this rule is Propofol®

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6
Q

Powders and Granules

A

May be added to the food

May absorb (cornstarch)

May lubricate (talcum powder)

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7
Q

Tablets

A

medicines mixed with an inert binder and molded or compressed into a hard mass; disintegrates in the stomach liquid, releasing the drug for absorption into the bloodstream

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8
Q

What are some different sizes of tablets

A

Pellets, Boluses, Bollettes and Bolloids

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9
Q

Enteric Coated

A

covered with a special coating that prevents the drug from dissolving in the stomach; Resists breakdown in stomach acid

Useful for medications that may be harmful to the stomach

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10
Q

Time Released

A

variable rate of breakdown of coating allows for delayed release leading to more consistent blood levels

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11
Q

Capsules

A

gelatin shells holding a powdered or liquid form of the drug

Most are colored and may bear identifying product markings

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12
Q

Time Released encapsulated

A

with variable rate breakdown of coating allowing for delayed release (leads to steadier blood levels)

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13
Q

Microencapsulated

A

newer drug form that stabilizes substances that need protection

Masks the smell and taste of the drug

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14
Q

Liniment

A

a drug(s) suspended in oily, soapy or alcoholbased substance

Applied topically (sometimes with friction) to relieve pain/counterirritant

May produce heat

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15
Q

Lotion

A

a drug(s) suspended in a liquid

Applied gently by dabbing, brushing or dripping on skin without friction

Soothing effect

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16
Q

Cream

A

a drug(s) suspended in wateroil emulsion

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17
Q

Gel

A

a drug(s) suspended in semisolid or jellylike substance

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18
Q

Ointment

A

a drug(s) suspended in a semisolid, greasy preparation that melts at body temperature

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19
Q

Paste

A

a drug(s) suspended in a semisolid preparation that retains its state at body temperature

Applied to skin, eyes, ears, etc.

Many pastes are given orally

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20
Q

“repository” or “depot”

A

Placing an injectable drug(s) in a substance that delays absorption

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21
Q

Suppositories

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A

Conical/ Ovoid Solid or Semisolid Material Inserted into Body Orifices

Melt at body temperatures

Frequently used in humans

Diazepam persistent seizures

Narcotics pain control

Liquid medications such as narcotics administered into the rectum are considered suppositories

22
Q

Inhalations

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A

Liquid that may be converted into an aerosol or mist to be used in a vaporizer or nebulizer and inhaled; Drugs that are inhaled are rapidly absorbed into the blood stream

Inhalation administration introduces the drug to the animal by having it breathe the drug into it’s lungs

The gas particles enter the alveoli of the lung where they diffuse (move from higher to lower concentration) across the alveolar membrane into the surrounding capillaries

Often used for emergency procedures

23
Q

Volatilized

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A

Turned into Gases

24
Q

Nebulized

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A

Turned into a Fine Mist

25
Inhalers
Bronchodilators open the airway for better breathing Steroids used to treat inflammatory lung conditions
26
Preservatives
Antimicrobial agents that increase the shelf life of a product by decreasing the likelihood of microbial growth
27
Factors to consider when determining Routes of Administration
Speed or Rapidity of Onset slower effect seen with oral administration vs. IV IV has the most rapid onset of action Site of Action in Patient’s Body some sites difficult to reach by conventional means Some drugs must be specifically formulated to penetrate certain areas such as the prostate, brain, and joint space Physical and Chemical Properties of the Drug Acid / Base Status pH of injectable barbiturates (thiopental) cause tissue necrosis if given perivascularly Potential Adverse Effects / Reactions Dosage Form of the Drug Available Some Drugs are Only Available in Certain Forms Temperament of the Patient Being Treated Some patients are Fear Biters or Aggressive. Are Not the Best Candidates for Oral Meds Abilities of the Client Drops vs. Pills
28
Enteral / Nonparentaral
Delivers the medicine directly to the animal’s GI tract Refers to an oral route of administration Specifically the small intestine Most convenient to give Slower onset of action/longer duration of action Less likely to cause adverse reactions Don’t need to be sterile Absorption may be erratic /incomplete due to effect of gastric fluids May be affected by GI disease
29
Parenteral
delivers the drug by a route other than the GI tract (means “excludes the intestine”) IV, ID, IM, IC, SQ , Epidural/Subdural/Intrathecal, IP, Intraarticular, IA, Topical, Inhalation, Intramedullar/Intraosseous
30
Intravenous (IV)
within the vein Rapid onset of action/high initial blood levels Short duration of action/frequent dosing Smaller doses can be administered Increased risk of adverse effects Drugs must be pure, sterile and free of particles Drug must be water soluble Irritating/caustic drugs given by the IV route
31
Intramuscular (IM)
within the muscle Relatively rapid onset (usually about 30 minutes) Absorption depends on drug formulation Gives reliable blood levels Longer duration of action than IV, but shorter than SQ or PO Cannot use for irritating drugs Convenient route in fractious animals
32
Subcutaneous (SQ, subQ, SC)
beneath the skin into the subdermis Slower onset of action/longer duration of action than IM or IV Less reliable blood levels Cannot use for irritating drugs Absorption depends on drug formulation Can be used for administering large volumes of solution (fluid administration)
33
Intraperitoneal (IP)
within the abdominal body cavity Onset of action/blood levels variable Provides large surface area for absorption Irritating solutions may lead to peritonitis Must be careful not to penetrate vital abdominal organs Drug may be inactivated or enhanced through first pass effect (via hepatic portal system)
34
Epidural/Subdural/Intrathecal
above or under the dura mater of the meninges, or into the subarachnoid space of the meninges Rapid onset of action localized to the CNS Used for anesthesia and diagnostically with contrast media (e.g. myelogram) or to obtain spinal fluid Potential for accidental spinal cord injection and/or other CNS damage
35
Intradermal (ID)
within the skin Injection between the dermis and epidermis Absorption very slow/blood levels low Mainly used for T.B. and allergy testing
36
Intraarterial (IA)
within the artery Used mainly for treating a specific organ due to extremely high blood levels delivered to the site Often accidental (attempting to administer drug into the jugular vein)
37
Intracardiac (IC)
within the heart Very rapid blood levels Mainly used for emergency drug administration and euthanasia
38
Intraarticular
within the joint Injection into the synovial space of joints Aseptic technique is critical Drug may be absorbed systemically
39
Intramedullay or Intraosseous
within the medullary cavity of bone Provides rapid blood levels Often used for rapid fluid administration in smaller animals and birds Usually administered in the femur or humerus Not commonly used and may be painful
40
Topical applied on top of a surface
Used mainly in dermatology and ophthamology Good local effect/systemic absorption variable Drug must first dissolve and penetrate the skin by diffusion Easy to administer Animals may chew/lick or rub drug off May be irritating Includes nasal, conjunctival, intramammary, transdermal, rectal, and vaginal routes
41
Dose 
the amount of drug administered at to a patient at one time to achieve the desired effect 
42
 Dosage 
the amount of drug per body weight of the animal (or other measure such as surface area)
43
 Dosage Interval 
how frequently the dosage is given
44
 Dosage Regimen 
the dosage interval and dosage together
45
 Loading Dose 
the initial dose of drug given to achieve drug concentration in the therapeutic range quickly
46
 Maintenance dose 
the dose of drug that keeps drug concentration in the therapeutic range
47
Total Daily Dose (tdd)
the total amount of drug delivered to the patient in 24 hours
48
Ways to maintain drug levels in the therapeutic range and benefit the animal include:
Use proper dosage, frequency and duration of treatment Avoid combination drug therapy if possible Use the least toxic drugs available Be familiar with potential hazards and precautions Use high quality drugs, check expiration dates, know handling requirements Understand contamination possibilities and make sure suspensions are mixed and solutions are not precipitated Follow label directions carefully Know the patients history and maintain communication with the client
49
If drug toxicity develops:
Stop or remove the offending drug Enhance drug removal by the animal (induce vomiting if appropriate, administer fluids) Counteract or reverse with an antidote if available Provide supportive nursing care until signs of toxicity are gone
50
Most common causes of drug toxicity include:
Outright overdose Relative overdose Side effects Accidental exposure Drug interactions Incorrect treatment/misdiagnosis
51
The “Rights of Drug Administration”
Right Drug Right Dose Right Route Right Time Right Patient Right Documentation

VET - Pharm (17 decks)

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