Pharm Midterm2

Question 1

Dose

Answer 1

The amount of drug given to a patient at one time.

Question 2

Dosage Regimen

Answer 2

The amount of drug given to a patient that includes the dose, frequency and total amount of time that the drug will be administered.

Question 3

Inscription

Answer 3

On a prescription, this is the name of the drug, concentration of the drug and amount to be dispensed to the patient.

Question 4

Label

Answer 4

(abbreviation Sig)

On a prescription, this is the directions to the patient for proper administration of a drug.

Question 5

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 5

Passage of a drug across cell membranes that involves a carrier protein but does not require energy.

Question 6

Nonproprietary

Answer 6

The term for the generic name of a drug that does not exclusively belong to a company.

Question 7

Suspension

Answer 7

The dosage form of a drug that must be shaken before administration and is not given intravenously except for the anesthetic agent propofol.

Question 8

Bactericidal

Answer 8

Term for an antimicrobial that has the ability to kill bacteria.

Question 9

Bacteriostatic

Answer 9

Term for an antimicrobial that inhibits the growth or replication of bacteria.

Question 10

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

Answer 10

Measurement of bacterial susceptibility that represents the lowest concentration of an antibiotic at which the growth of the bacteria is inhibited.

Question 11

Penicillins

Answer 11

• Bactericidal antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their structure and work by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. Members of this group are recognized by having “cillin” in their generic names.
• One of the safest and commonly used cell wall antibiotics but can produce severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis, especially when given intravenously. Gastrointestinal superinfections may occur in some animals when given orally and are most prevalent in rabbits and pocket pets.

Question 12

Penicillin G

Answer 12

One of the first members of the penicillin group, commonly seen in injectable suspension form, and must be administered by the parenteral route due to inactivation by stomach acid.

Question 13

Procaine and Benzathine

Answer 13

Molecules added to intramuscular penicillin suspensions that delay absorption and increase the duration of action.

Question 14

Amoxicillin

Answer 14

Semisynthetic penicillin that has a greater spectrum of activity against Gram negative bacteria and unlike other penicillins, its bioavailability is not affected when given with food.

Question 15

Penicillinase (also called Beta-lactamase I)

Answer 15

Enzyme produced by some bacteria that can destroy the penicillin beta-lactam ring and make the penicillin less effective.

Question 16

Potentiated

Answer 16

Term for the addition of a chemical agent added to antibiotics in order to enhance its effectiveness.

Question 17

Clavulanic Acid

Answer 17

Chemical agent that potentiates amoxicillin in order to make it resistant to penicillin destroying enzymes such as penicillinase (beta-lacatamse I). One of the trade names for a commonly used amoxicillin that is potentiated with clavulanic acid is Clavamox®.

Question 18

Potassium Penicillin G or KPen

Answer 18

Solution form of penicillin G that can be given IV and is well absorbed when administered IM.

Question 19

Cephalosporins

Answer 19

• Bactericidal cell wall agents that are chemically like penicillin and contain a beta-lactam ring in their structure.
• Members of this group are classified into “generations” with the first mainly working on Gram positive organisms and the second, third and fourth have a broader spectrum including more Gram negatives.
• This group is recognized by having “ceph” or “cef” in their generic names.
• Examples include cephalexin, cephadroxil and cefovecin.
• used when penicillin is not effective
• structurally similar (do not use if animal is allergic to penicillin)
• adverse rxns : hypersensitivity (rashes and fever)
• PO may cause GI upset (reduced by admin with small meal)

Question 20

Bacitracin, Neomycin and Polymyxin B

Answer 20

Three antibiotics often seen in combination to produce a wide spectrum topical commonly referred to as “first aid ointment.”

Question 21

Aminoglycosides

Answer 21

AKA Aminocyclitols
- Antibiotic group; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
- recognized by ““micin”” or ““mycin”” endings (gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin)
- Spectrum of activity : G-
- Administered parenterally (poor absorption from GI tract)
- Adverse effects : irreversable ototoxicity (auditory +/- vestibular), nephrotoxicity (high concentrations in the kidney and inner ear)
- seen in ear and skin ointments (inactivated by pus and cellular debris => clean and dry befor use)
- make sure tympanic membrane is intact (–> ototoxicity)

Question 22

Tetracycline

Answer 22

• Bacteriostatic antibiotic group; inhibits protein synthesis
• effective against a wide variety of G+ and G- orgs
• commonly used for treatment of rickettsial organisms (Erlichia), parasitic bacteria (Mycoplasma haemofelis) and spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi)
• recognized by ““cycline”” in generic names
• binds with ions (calcium, iron, aluminum, magnesium) => absorption is inhibited when used with dairy products, oral antacids, or iron supplements
• should not be used in very young or pregnant animals (slowed bone development and yellow staining of the teeth)

Question 23

Doxycycline

Answer 23

Lipophilic form of tetracycline that is now the drug of choice for treating tick-borne diseases. Has less adverse effect of bone/tooth problems in young/pregnant animals but in cats it should be given with food due to esophageal irritation. There is no FDA approved veterinary form of this product, so its use is extra-label.

Question 24

Lincosamides

Answer 24

Group of antibiotics that work by inhibiting protein synthesis. The two main drugs used in veterinary medicine for skin and soft tissue infections are lincomycin for Gram positive skin and soft tissue infections, and clindamycin for deep abscesses and dental infections.

Question 25

Chloramphenicol

Answer 25

Protein synthesis agent that is banned for use in food animals in the USA due to potential for fatal bone marrow suppression in humans. This drug is limited in small animals and is used mainly for exotics and pocket pets. Gloves must be worn when administering to patients! Also, a potent inhibitor of liver microsomal P450 enzyme, this drug can increase the concentration of certain other drugs resulting in possibly toxicity.

Question 26

Florfenicol

Answer 26

Protein synthesis that is related to chloramphenicol, but is approved for use in cattle, and is commonly used for bovine respiratory disease and foot rot. Comes in injectable form only and is administered in the neck area.

Question 27

Macrolids

Answer 27

Group of broad spectrum antibiotics in the protein synthesis category used mainly to treat penicillin-resistant skin and respiratory infections or for animals allergic to penicillin. Members of this group include erythromycin, tylosin and tilmicosin. Gastrointestinal distress is a major side effect.

Question 28

Azithromycin

Answer 28

the “Z-Pak” Macrolid derivative of erythromycin used for a variety of infections in veterinary medicine and is a good penicillin substitute. Has a very long half-life in dogs and cats with less GI adverse effect but is human label only so its use is extra-label.

Question 29

Enteric vs Systemic Sulfas

Answer 29

“Enteric” sulfas have less intestinal absorption and act locally on intestinal pathogens whereas “systemic” sulfas are well absorbed from the intestine and can penetrate the CNS.

Question 30

Sulfonamides

Answer 30

AKA the sulfa drugs - antimetabolite bacteriostatic antibiotics; classed by how well they are absorbed from the GI tract - Adverse side effects : keratoconjunctivitis siccs (KCS), blood imbalances, dermatologic signs, and crystal formation in the renal tubules - Dobermans have adverse hypersensitivity/allergic reactions

Question 31

Trimethoprim and Ormetoprim

Answer 31

Sulfonamide “potentiators” that broadens the spectrum and reduces adverse effects since the sulfa level can be reduced.

Question 32

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones

Answer 32

- synthetic bactericidal antibiotics; inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis (nucleic acid agent) - used in vet med to treat local and systemic deep seated bacterial and rickettsial infections (not effective against Erlichia) - recognized by ""floxacin"" (enroflaxacin, ciprofloxacin, orbifloxacin, marbofloxacin, and pradofloxacin) - Adverse effects : cause erosions of developing cartilage in young animals with large breed, rapidly growing dogs most sensitive; dose-related permanent blindness in cats, High concentrations may also cause CNS toxicity

Question 33

Metronidazole

Answer 33

“Cidal” nitroimidazole antibacterial and antiprotozoal thought to work by disrupting DNA synthesis.  Although there is no veterinary approved formulation this drug is commonly used for treatment of Giardia, inflammatory bowel disease and is the drug of choice for canine diarrhea.  Adverse effects include anorexia, neurologic signs and bitter taste. 

Question 34

Antifungals

Answer 34

Most work by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and are used to treat either superficial or systemic mycotic infections. Many products are available over the counter as topical creams or ointments.

Question 35

Amphotericin B

Answer 35

Polyene antifungal that’s reserved for severe, systemic fungal infections due to the adverse effect of nephrotoxicity. Must be administered IV through dilution in 5 percent dextrose solution through a filter system and protected from light/moisture. Renal function should be monitored when using this drug.

Question 36

Nystatin

Answer 36

Polyene antifungal found in various topical ointments and is also given orally for Candida albicans overgrowth in the mouth (oral thrush) and GI tract, often secondary to immune suppressive therapy and/or long-term antibiotic therapy. Although less toxic than the polyene antifungals adverse effects of hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity have been reported.

Question 37

Imidazoles

Answer 37

Group of antifungals that come in various formulations, depending on the product, and are used to treat superficial and systemic mycotic infections. Members of this group include ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole and clotrimazole. Although less toxic than the polyene antifungals adverse effects of hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity have been reported.

Question 38

Terbinafine

Answer 38

Allylamine antifungal that works by inhibiting ergosterol and is found in a new combination ear treatment called “Claro” by Bayer company. Administration of one mL dropperette dose per affected ear gives 30 days duration of effect.

Question 39

Griseofulvin

Answer 39

Fungistatic that’s only available as an oral preparation to treat dermatophyte infections of the skin, hair and nails. Absorption is enhanced when using the “ultramicrosize” form and if given with a fatty meal. The dosage regimen should continue until fungal cultures are negative and adverse effects include GI signs, and anemia/leukopenia in cats. Should not be given during pregnancy due to potential teratogenicity.

Question 40

Antivirals

Answer 40

Group of drugs that work by preventing viral penetration of the host cell or by inhibiting the production of DNA synthesis. Acyclovir, famciclovir and interferon are most commonly used in veterinary medicine, especially for herpes infections in cats.

Question 41

Teratogenicity

Answer 41

Term used to describe the capacity of a drug to cause birth defects.

Question 42

Therapeutic Index

Answer 42

Also called the margin of safety this is the relationship between a drug’s ability to achieve the desired effect compared with its tendency to produce toxic or lethal effect and is determined mathematically by dividing the drug’s Lethal Dose 50/Effective Dose 50. The lower the number, the narrower the margin of safety and greater caution must be used with the medication.

Question 43

Withdrawal Time

Answer 43

The period of time from when the last dose of a medication is administered to when the food animal can be sent to slaughter or dairy products can be safely consumed.

Question 44

Interferon

Answer 44

A protein substance with multiple roles in the body’s defense mechanisms including protecting host cells from viruses and stimulating non-infected cells to produce antiviral proteins. Mainly used in cats for treatment of FeLV and ocular herpes.

Question 45

Acyclovir

Answer 45

Antiviral agent that is useful in treating herpes infections in a variety of avian species and in cats with corneal or conjunctival herpes infections.

Question 46

Famcilovir

Answer 46

Antiviral agent that is used for the treatment of feline herpes infections.

Question 47

L-Lysine

Answer 47

An amino acid supplement that works by competing with arginine, which is an essential amino acid of Feline Herpes Virus Type 1 (FHV-1) and may be effective in suppressing FHV-1 infections in cats.

Question 48

Nociceptors

Answer 48

Term for pain receptors that may be activated through mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimulation to create a nerve impulse.

Question 49

Iatrogenic

Answer 49

Term for illness induced by a harmful complication or other ill effect from any medical activity ordered by the veterinarian.