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lect 1 pici Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 phases in immune responses to pathogens

A

-establishment of infection
usually it is innate, apc and pnm that will play a role
-induction of adaptive response
adaptive aka t and B cells, slower
-adaptive immune response
-immunological memory

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2
Q

true or false: pathogens have preferred routes of entry/sites of infection

A

true

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3
Q

what are the diverse immune mechanisms for dealing with a broad range of pathogens

A

-surveillance: using apcs
-self tolerance: minimizing responses to self
-effector: maximizing effector functions to deal with pathogens in fluids, tissues, vesicles
-memory: retaining a memory of that pathogen to respond more effectively next time

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4
Q

true or false: early immune response has no true antigen specificity

A

true

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5
Q

local infection penetration of epithelium: mechanism of protection

A

-wound healing induced antimicrobial proteins and peptides, phagocytes
-complement destroy invading microorganisms
-activation of beta and gamma cells

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6
Q

local infection of tissue: mechanism of protection

A

-complement activation
-dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes
-phagocytes action
-nk cells activated
-cytokines and chemokines produced

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7
Q

true or false: myd88 pathway plays a role in the induction of il-12 and inf gamma

A

true

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8
Q

true or false: mice lacking myd88 still survive after infection

A

false they die

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9
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: barrier functions

A

skin epithelia

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10
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: responses to extracellular pathogens

A

-phagocytes
-complement pathway

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11
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: : responses to intracellular bacteria

A

macrophages

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12
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: responses to virus infected cells

A

nk cells

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13
Q

phases of immune response: early: barrier function

A

local inflammation
local tnf a

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14
Q

phases of immune response: early: : responses to extracellular pathogens

A

-mannan binding lectin
-c reactive proteim
-t independant b cell antibody
-complement

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15
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: : responses to intracellular bacteria

A

-activated nk cells
-il-1, 6, 12 and tnf a

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16
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: : responses to virus infected cells

A

inf a and b
il-12 activated nk cells

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17
Q

phases of immune responses: late: barrier functions

A

-iga antibodies
-ige
local inflammation

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18
Q

phases of immune response: late: : responses to extracellular pathogens

A

igg, igm

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19
Q

phases of immune response: late: : responses to intracellular bacteria

A

t cell activation of macrophages my inf gamma

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20
Q

phases of immune response: late: : responses to virus infected cells

A

cytotoxic t cells inf gamma

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21
Q

lymphatic spread: mechanism of protection:

A

-pathogens trapped and phagocytosed in lymphoid tissue
-adaptive immunity initiated by migration dcs

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22
Q

adaptive immunity: mechanisms of protection:

A

-infection cleared by antobody specific
-t cell dependent macrophage activation and cytotoxic t cells

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23
Q

How does the immune system adapt to
antigen challenge?

A
  1. A vast universe of distinct antigenic specificities.
  2. Highly specific recognition of foreign antigens with potent mechanisms
    for pathogen elimination: potential for fine-tuning (speed, magnitude, affinity and efficiency).
  3. The capacity to display immunological memory (i.e. re-infection)
  4. Tolerance to self-antigens.
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24
Q

true or false: only a small number of b and t cells are specific for the pathogen

A

true

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25
what is the sollution for the body to have the t cells get to where it has to be because if a t cell specific for the flu is in a ln in the leg then you will be sick af
you have the T cells always surveing the body
26
true or false: the central lymphoid organs like the thymus and the bone marrow are connected to the lynphatics
false they are not, they are isolated from the environment
27
the lymph is filtrated byL
the lymph node before returning to the circulation
28
true or false: the spleen has no lymph circulation
true
29
how can naibe t cells enter the lymph node
through the afferent lymphatics or from the blood
30
endothelial cells are involved in:
-vasomotor tone -vascular permeability -regulation of coagulation -immune modulation -lymphocyte extravasation
31
what are the 2 types of venules
hev and poast capilarry venules
32
true or false: hev are constitutively present in primary lymphoid tissues
false: it is secondary tissues
33
true or false: hev's need to allow egress of naive cells from the circulation
true
34
where are post capilarry venules present
non-lymphoid tissues
35
true or false: hevs are specialized to allow lymphocytes and nk cells and nothing else into the lymph node
false they are specialized to allow lymphocytes and nothing else in the lymph node
36
hev are made up of what type of cell
cuboidal endothelial cells
37
true or false: post capilarry venules are fat and elongated
true just like normal epithelial cells
38
molecules expressed by endothelial cells regulate....
trafficking anf recirculation through lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues
39
what is in follicles
b cells and fdcs
40
what is in the t cell zone
t cells and dcs
41
what are the leukocyte adhesion molecules
-selectins -addressins -integrins ig super family
42
integrins are made up of ... and ... subunits
a and B subunits= different combinations= different specificity
43
lfa family members
-integrins a and b subunits
44
icam (intracellular adhesion molecules) family:
ig super family
45
multistep paradigm of leukocyte migration and the receptors involved and chemokines
-rolling selectins and l selectins -activation : ccl21 -adhesion: integrins and lfa-1 -diapedesis aka gets into the ln cortex:ccl21 and cxL12
46
naive t cells have homing receptors which bind ... or .... on ...
selectins or addressins in vascular endothelial cells
47
true or false: naive t cells express high levels of l selecting adhesion molecule
true which allows it to bind to adhesins on the surface of hevs
48
a common core with different extracellular c type lectin domains that bind....
carbohydrates in a Ca2+ dependent manner s like molecules: addressins
49
each selectin binds....
binds to specific carbohydrates and is able yo transduce signals into cell
50
once the T cell sees its antigen it'll lose the expression of:
l selectin
51
what is cd62 l
it is an l selectin
52
what is cd 34 and glycam 1
an addressins
53
what is madcam1
it binds to l selectins on the endothelium in the mucosa
54
loss of l selectin and aquirement of another adhesion molecule allows cell to.....
be guided away from the lymoh node to site of infection n
55
integrins favor .....
cell adhesion to stabilize cell interactions
56
lfa-1 activation influences...
behaviors of incoming t cells
57
cellular activation of lfa-1 integrin fuction steps
-t cell initially bind apc through low affinity lfa1-icam1 interactions -subsequent binding of t cell receptors signals lfa1 -conformational change in lfa1 increases affinity and prolongs cell/cell contact
58
true or false: cellular activation affects the adhesion of some adhesion properties
true -increases affinity of integrins in LN
59
what are the four families of chemokines
-c -cc -cxc -cx3c
60
what do lymphoid chemiokines do
-help direct the homeostatic trafficking of cells through lymphoid tissues
61
what are inflammatory chemokines
induced at sites of inflammation -can be expressed by many cell types -help recruit cells to these sites
62
name 2 secondary lymphoid tissues chemokines
-ccl21 ccl19
63
secondary lympjoid tissue chemokines are produced by
-hev -lymphoid tissue stromal cells -dcs
64
true or false: secondary lymphoid tissue chemokines promotes migration of B cells through HEV ln cortex
false it is T cells
65
what do secondary lymphoid tissue chemokines do
they serve in a gcoupled signal -they increase the affinity of T cell integrin lfa-1 for its ligands on the endothelial cells
66
what do ccl21 and 19 bind
ccr7 on T cells
67
t cell homing in ln and cell adhesion molecules aka diapedesis steps with the cell adhesion molecs
-CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTE ENTERS HEV IN THE LYMPH NODE (rolling) -binding of L selecting to glycam-1 snd cd34 allows rolling interaction (rolling) -activation: lfa-1 is activated by chemokines bound to extracellular matrix -adhesion: activated lfa1 binds tightly to icam-1 this leads to a conformational change -diaspedesis: lymphocyte migrates into the lymph node by diaspedesis
68
dcs migrate from.... to.... bearing Ag
from periphery to lymphoid organ t zone
69
what are the ways that the dcs are sampling their environment
-pinocytosis -phagocytosis -engulfment of apaptotic cells
70
detecting danger signals causes the cells to mature; what dio they do
-decrease adhesion to local tissue cells -increase expression of receptors like ccr7 for chemokines by lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphoid organ T zones -upregulate mhc and costimulatory molecules
71
can we use anti-integrin therapies for ibs
yup
72
true or false: s1pr1 is a chemokine
false: it is a receptor
73
what is required for the exit of T cells from the lymphoid organs
s1pr1
74
the exit if the t cells involved migrating to....
s1p that is high in blood/lymph and low in the tissue
75
true or false: activated lymphocuyes go through endothelial lining and upregulate s1pr1 and are in the responding lymphoid tissue until they become effectors
false they downregulate s1pr1
76
what does fty720 do
it inhibits the exit and is in clinical development as an immunosuppressant for MS
77
true or false: l selectin is not expressed on activated t cells
true
78
true or false: cd2 and lfa1 are adhesion molecules that are present in naive t cells but the expression if up regulated on activated t cells
true
79
what do cd44 binds to
extracellulat matroc component HA
80
true or false cd 44 expression gets upregulated on activated t cells
true
81
what does cd45a/o do
for differentcial splicing og cd45 rna on naive and armed t cells -it dictates the threshold of phosphatase activity
82
what does vla4 do
expressed not immediately upon T cell activation, not expressed on naive t cells -highly expressed on activated memory t cells -fucntions on homing to inflamed vascular endothelium
83
true or false: endothelium expresses madcam1
-true
84
t cell activation in skin draining slos
-preferentially programs the upregulation of skin homing molecules -vitamin d metatolites catalized by sunlight may induce ccr10 expression -reason why living in low sunlight have higher chances of inflammatory diseases=good for homing
85
in the small intestine, dietary vitamin A metabolites are processed by..... and delivered to.....
are processed by aeb7(cd103)dc and delivered to T cells during activation in gut draining slos, where they promote a4b7 integrin and ccr9 expression =protection to enteric pathogens
86
after migrating to non-lymphoid tissues, local devlopmental cues are provided by the ....
tissue microenvironment itself anf mofify effector and memory T cell differentiation in situ

MIMM 314 (11 decks)

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